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Data on perceived excessive workload on faculty members׳ commitment
(2018) Oludayo OA; Akanbi CO; Falola HO; Aluko OA
For this article, the survey data on the effect of perceived excessive workload on faculty members’ commitment was presented. This data was gathered from an academic environment using the full time faculty members of Covenant University. The descriptive research design method was employed. The initial sample size used for the analysis was 228 faculty members but only 189 copies of questionnaire were returned. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used for the coding of the data. The validity and reliability of the research instrument were carried out using Cronbach Alpha. Descriptive analysis was used for the presentation of the data. This data is made publicly available to assist further study in the area of workload and employees commitment.
Dataset on insightful bio-evaluation of 2-(quinoline-4-yloxy)acetamide analogues as potential anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase agents via in silico mechanisms
(2021) Oyebamiji AK; Josiah OM; Akintelu SA; Adeoye MD; Sabitu BO; Latona DF; Esan AO; Soetan EA; Semire B
The continuous havoc wrecked by tuberculosis among humans worldwide remains colossal. In this work, twenty-one (21) 2-(quinoline-4-yloxy)acetamide analogues were observed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (This enzyme shields bacteria from poisonous drug-like molecules) (PDB ID: 1sj2) using density functional theory method, QSAR study using material studio software and docking method via PyMol, AutoDock Tool, AutoDock Vina and Discovery studio 2017 as well as ADMET study via admetSAR2. Twelve descriptors were obtained from the optimized compounds which were used to develop valid QSAR model. More so, the binding affinity between 2-(quinoline-4-yloxy)acetamide analogues and Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (PDB ID: 1sj2) via docking method were reported. ADMET properties of some selected compounds were also examined.
Depression, anxiety, stress and coping strategies among family members of patients admitted in intensive care unit in Nigeria
(2020) Olabisi OI; Olorunfemi O; Bolaji A; Azeez FO; Olabisi TE; Azeez O
Background Hospitalization of a patient in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) negatively affects the mental health of the family caregivers and they might eventually come up with psychological disorders. This study aimed to assess the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and coping strategies of family members of hospitalized critically ill patients. Methods A descriptive study was conducted among 107 family members of patients admitted to ICU in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation (CISS-21) were administered to the respondents. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and correlations statistics. Result The mean scores and standard deviation of the family members’ stress level is 8.7 (SD = 4.4); anxiety 8.5 (SD = 3.9) and depression 1.3 (SD = 1.9); 41% were anxious and 10% were stressed. There was a significant negative correlation between task oriented coping strategies and the mental health factors (depression; r = −0.193, p = 0.046; anxiety r = −0.456, p = 0.000, stress r = −0.485, p = 0.000). Family members who utilized emotion oriented coping strategies reportedly experienced anxiety (r = 0.450, p = 0.000) and stress (r = 0.564, p = 0.000). Age, income, nature of the family types, residential area and the level of education influenced the level of emotional distress. Conclusion Patients’ relatives of different socio-demographic characteristics such as age and family size experienced psychological distress and family members who used more task coping strategies experienced low level of depression, anxiety and stress.
Watermelon rind ethanol extract exhibits hepato-renal protection against lead induced-impaired antioxidant defenses in male Wistar rats
(2021) Michael OS; Bamidele O; Ogheneovo P; Ariyo TA; Adedayo LD; Oluranti OI; Soladoye EO; Adetunji CO; Awobajo FO
Lead acetate associated tissue injury has been linked to altered antioxidant defenses, hyperuricemia and inflammation. We hypothesized that watermelon rind extract, would ameliorate lead acetate-induced hepato-renal injury. Thirty Male Wistar rats received distilled water, lead acetate (Pb; 5 mg/kg) with or without watermelon rind extract (WM; 400 mg/kg; WM + Pb; 15 days of WM pretreatment); Pb + WM (15 days of WM post treatment) and simultaneous treatment (WM-Pb) for 30 days. Lead toxicity led to elevated serum malondialdehyde, creatinine, urea, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, liver injury enzymes, as well as decreased body weight. Decreased serum levels of reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, total protein and glutathione peroxidase activity was also observed. However, these alterations were ameliorated by watermelon rind extract in lead acetate-treated rats. Watermelon rind ethanol extract protects against lead acetate-induced hepato-renal injury through improved antioxidant defenses at least in part, via uric acid/nitric oxide-dependent pathway signifying the health benefits of this agricultural waste and a potential for waste recycling while limiting environmental pollution.
Towards the development of shelf stable ‘iru’ (Parkia biglobosa) condiment bouillon cubes using corn, cassava and potato starch extracts as binders
(2015) Ajayi OA; Akinrinde IM; Akinwunmi OO
African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), fermented into “iru” or “dadawa” is a nutritious condiment featured frequently in the diet of people of Nigeria and other West African countries. Many consumers benefit from the nutrients, and enjoy the aroma of fermented locust bean seed in their foods. However, some dislike seeing the locust beans and would pick them out of their meals depriving themselves of the nutrients. The availability of iru as fermented, ground and shelf stable bouillon cube may increase the acceptability of this condiment. The objective was to develop a shelf stable iru bouillon with starches as binders. Fermented, dried and ground locust bean with binders were prepared in the ratio of 40:10 and 30:20 locust bean:binder and cubed. Microbial and proximate analyses of the cubes were carried out. Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were isolated following bouillon cube production. Cassava starch bouillons had the highest moisture content (24.5% and 29.3%). Bouillons with corn starch had the highest amount of fat (22.0%), followed by cassava starch (19.6%), while bouillon cubes with potato binder had the highest crude protein content (33.9%). Iru without binders had the lowest moisture (11.5%) and ash (1.7%), the highest crude fat (30.0%) and the highest crude protein (46.3%) contents. Only Bacillus subtilis was isolated from all the samples after 9 months of storage, indicating that shelf stable iru bouillon cubes is possible, without chemical preservatives. Conclusively, iru bouillon cubes with binders improved the shelf life from few days to over nine months without compromising the safety of the product.
Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) mitigates CCl4-induced liver histopathology and biochemical derangements through antioxidant, membrane-stabilizing and tissue-regenerating potentials
(2019) Oke GO; Abiodun AA; Imafidon CE; Monsi BF
The world-wide increasing incidence of liver injury has attracted scientific interest in the exploration of better treatment or adjuvant treatment therapies. This study investigated the effects of methanol extract of Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) rhizome (MEZOR) in a Wistar rat model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. The study recruited thirty female Wistar rats that received graded doses of MEZOR (determined by its LD50) by oral gavage through an oral canula, for 4 consecutive weeks following 1 week oral administration of CCl4 (0.7 ml/kg in olive oil; 1:1, v/v) while livolin forte® (5.2 mg/kg p.o.) was used as a standard. CCl4 induced deleterious hepatic effects as revealed by the liver function biomarkers (AST, ALT, ALP and total protein), antioxidant indicators (GSH and CAT) and histopathological effects, demonstrated by H & E, Gordon and Sweet, Masson’s trichrome, PAS staining techniques as well as by quantificational analyses of the liver micrographs, using image–J. MEZOR treatment was associated with a dose-dependent and significant mitigation of the aforementioned parameters (p < 0.05). This study concluded that MEZOR is a potential therapeutic choice in the adjuvant treatment of subjects with chemically-induced liver injury.
Combined effect of metformin and gallic acid on inflammation, antioxidant status, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and glucose metabolism in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
(2021) Obafemi TO; Jaiyesimi KF; Olomola AA; Olasehinde OR; Olaoye OA; Adewumi FD; Afolabi BA; Adewale OB; Akintayo CO; Ojo OA
Over time, diabetes patients usually need combination therapy involving two or more agents, including phytonutrients to attain therapeutic targets. The purpose of this research is to elucidate the combined effect of metformin and gallic acid (GA) on glucose metabolism, inflammation as well as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stresses in fructose-fed diabetic rats. Thirty-five rats of Wistar strain were arbitrarily distributed into five groups, each containing seven animals as follows: normal control, diabetic control, groups administered 100 mg/kg bw metformin only, 50 mg/kg bw gallic acid only and a combination of both. Experimental animals were made diabetic by single injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (intraperitoneally) subsequent to 14 days administration of 10 % fructose prior. Treatment of rats continued for 21 days following diabetes confirmation. Glucose and insulin levels as well as lipid profile were evaluated in the serum, while activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were estimated in both liver and pancreas. In addition, levels of malondialdehyde, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as expression of activating transcription factor-4 were evaluated in liver and pancreas of diabetic rats. Activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and glucokinase were also determined in liver of diabetic animals. Metformin only, GA only and combination of metformin and GA significantly improved antioxidant status and glucose homeostasis while inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress were significantly ameliorated in diabetic rats. Metformin/GA combination appeared to improve glucose metabolism by increasing insulin level and ameliorating the dysregulated activities of glucose metabolizing enzymes and ER stress better than either metformin only or GA only. It could be concluded that coadministration of metformin/GA produced a combined effect in ameliorating diabetes in Wistar rats and could be considered in treatment of diabetes.
Bromate and trace metal levels in bread loaves from outlets within Ile-Ife Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria
(2014) Oyekunle JA; Adekunle AS; Ogunfowokan AO; Olutona GO; Omolere OB
Bread loaves randomly sampled from nine outlets and bakeries within Ile-Ife were analysed to determine their safety levels for human consumption with respect to bromate and trace metal contents. Bromate determination was carried out via spectrophotometric method while trace metals in the digested bread samples were profiled using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Bromate levels in the analyzed bread samples ranged from 2.051 ± 0.011 μg/g to 66.224 ± 0.014 μg/g while the trace metal levels were of the order: 0.03–0.10 μg/g Co = 0.03–0.10 μg/g Pb < 0.23–0.46 μg/g Cu < 2.23–6.63 μg/g Zn < 25.83–75.53 μg/g Mn. This study revealed that many bread bakers around Ile-Ife had not fully complied with the bromate-free rule stipulated by NAFDAC contrary to the “bromate free” inscribed on the labels of the bread. The bread samples contained both essential and toxic trace metals to levels that could threaten the health of consumers over prolonged regular consumption.
The rt-PA versus streptokinase controversy—III
(1992) Sherry S; Marder VJ
Renal and testicular up-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines (RANTES and CCL2) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) following acute edible camphor administration is through activation of NF-kB in rats
(2019) Somade OT; Ajayi BO; Safiriyu OA; Oyabunmi OS; Akamo AJ
Camphor-induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes (in brain, lung, liver, kidney and testes) have been reported. We therefore investigated the effect of various doses of camphor in an acute study, on renal and testicular levels of some pro-inflammatory mediators in male wistar rats. Twenty rats divided into four groups of five rats each were used in this study. Group 1 served as control and was administered 6 mL/kg olive oil, the vehicle for camphor, while groups 2, 3 and 4 were orally administered 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg body weight camphor, for seven days. Compared with control, levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were significantly increased kidney and testes by 2000 and 4000 mg/kg body weight, while interleukin 10 (IL-10) was only significantly increased by 1000 mg/kg body weight of camphor in both tissues. Also compared with control, all doses of camphor administered resulted in a significant increase in the expressions of renal and testicular nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Conclusively, use and consumption of camphor should be with caution as it could trigger renal and testicular inflammation through activation of NF-kB and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory markers.
Recursively indefinite databases
(1993) van der Meyden R
We define recursively indefinite databases, a new type of logical database in which indefinite information arises from partial knowledge of the fixpoint of a Datalog program. Although, in general, query answering is undecidable, we show that queries containing only basic predicates and monadic defined predicates are decidable. The main contribution of the paper is an analysis of the complexity of query answering for this class of queries. We demonstrate a class of databases which generalizes disjunctive databases, but without increasing data complexity. We also establish connections with the theory of hypergraph edge replacement graph grammars.
Sodium butyrate arrests pancreato-hepatic synchronous uric acid and lipid dysmetabolism in high fat diet fed Wistar rats
(2021) Adeyanju OA; Badejogbin OC; Areola DE; Olaniyi KS; Dibia C; Soetan OA; Oniyide AA; Michael OS; Olatunji LA; Soladoye AO
High fat diet (HFD) is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome which is characterized by overt glucose dysmetabolism and tissue derangement. The liver and pancreas are important metabolic tissues with anatomical proximity sharing splanchnic and mesenteric circulation but it is unclear whether, there is an associated metabolic status between the two organs in health and disease. Uric acid (UA) hypersecretion and ectopic lipid accumulation are characteristic pathophysiology of an array of non-communicable diseases. Sodium butyrate (BUT) is reputed for therapeutic roles in metabolic derangement. Therefore, the present study investigated synchrony in hepatic and pancreatic UA and lipid metabolic status in HFD-induced glucose dysregulation and probed the beneficial effects of BUT. Twenty-four female Wistar rats were treated with normal rat chow and distilled water (po) or sodium butyrate (200 mg/kg; po) or high fat diet and distilled water (po) or high fat diet and sodium butyrate. Results showed that HFD increased plasma, pancreatic and hepatic triglyceride, triglyceride-glucose index, malondialdehyde, uric acid (UA), lactate dehydrogenase but reduced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Histological analysis revealed hepatic and pancreatic architectural derangement and cellular degeneration in HFD-fed animals. However, BUT reversed the HFD-induced systemic, pancreatic and hepatic synchronous dysmetabolism with evidence of improved histology. HFD-induced lipid and UA alterations were synchronous in the pancreas and liver. BUT elicits beneficial effects on systemic and tissue HFD-induced deleterious metabolic changes which were synchronized in pancreas and liver of rats.
Proteinuria in relation to age-dependent changes in the plasma and urine concentrations of some electrolytes and hematological indices in Wistar rats
(2019) Sesan OO; Ojo AR; Samuel IO; Christian IE; Quadri AK
The study was carried out to determine the influence of proteinuria on plasma and urine concentrations of electrolytes and hematological indices in Wistar rats of different age groups. Eighty Wistar rats of both sexes were used for this study. Groups 1 and 2 each consisted of 8 one month old male and female rats; 3 and 4 had 8 three month old rats; 5 and 6 had 8 six month old rats; 7 and 8 had 8 nine month old rats; 9 and 10 had 8 twelve month old rats. The plasma sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations of 3 month old rats were significantly lower when compared with 1, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Similarly, rats aged 3 months had significantly lower urine concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium than rats of other age groups. A strong correlation was observed between the urine protein and urine sodium of the female rats at ages 3, 9 and 12 months but it was only significant at age 12 months (p = 0.105 and p = 0.021, respectively). Also, the female rats aged 3 and 12 months had a strong correlation between their urine protein and urine calcium (p = 0.002 and p = 0.131, respectively). The red blood cells, lymphocyte and monocyte counts of the rats increased gradually and peaked at age 9 months with a subsequent decline at 12 months of age. It was concluded that the influence of proteinuria on electrolytes was least observed in the rats aged 3 months, since they had reduced and consistent plasma and urine concentrations of electrolytes measured when compared with other age groups. This implies that long-term renal studies involving the use of rats must be carefully interpreted because of the changes in plasma and urine concentrations of electrolytes as the rats age.
Preliminary Studies of the Chemical Composition and Sensory Properties of Sweet Potato Starch-Wheat Flour Blend Noodles
(2013) Ibitoye WO; Afolabi MO; Otegbayo BO; Akintola AC
ABSTRACT Preliminary studies of chemical composition and sensory properties of instant noodles from blends of wheat flour and sweet potato starch were carried out. Sweet potato starch was used to replace wheat flour at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70%. Proximate, vitamin A, mineral analysis and sensory evaluation were carried out by standard methods. Results showed that the formulated noodles had higher carbohydrate (63.34 – 70.53%), moisture (4.34 – 4.97%) and vitamin A (11.62 – 35.00mg/100g) but lower protein (3.36 – 7.89%), fat (16.91 – 25.09%), calcium (0.73 – 0.89%), phosphorus (0.24 – 0.32%), iron (0.10 – 0.27%) and ash content (1.17 – 3.17%) than the commercial noodles from wheat flour. The noodles containing 30% sweet potato starch showed no significant difference (p>0.05) from commercial noodles (100% wheat flour) in terms of colour, crunchiness, taste and general acceptability, with improved nutrient composition. It is concluded that production and consumption of wheat flour/potato starch blend noodles should be encouraged to increase the calorie and vitamin A intake in the diet, especially for children who are the major consumers of noodles; apart from helping to promote and improve the utilization of sweet potato tubers.
Physico-chemical properties of beetroot (Beta vulgaris l.) wine produced at varying fermentation days
(2020) Otegbayo BO; Akwa IM; Tanimola AR
Beetroot is a crop with lots of nutritional and health benefits. The study investigated the effect of different fermentation days on the physicochemical and sensory qualities of wine made from beetroot. Beetroot wine was made by fermenting beetroot Must for 7, 14 and 21 days; and the physicochemical and sensory properties of the wines were analysed by standard methods. Results showed that the acidity increased as the number of fermentation days increased. The pH decreased from 5.51 in the Must to 3.37, 3.23 and 3.20 in the fermented wines for 7, 14 and 21 days respectively. In the fermented product, alcohol per volume of 12.2%, 13.5% and 13.6% were reported for the 7, 14 and 21 days of fermentation. The results showed organic acids (0.40 to 0.71%), alcohol by volume (12.20 to 13.6%) as well as phenolic content (2587.48 to 4286.17 mg/L GAE) increased as the fermentation progressed, while the reducing sugar, total sugar and vitamin C content reduced significantly as the fermentation days was increased. The potassium and iron content of the wines ranged from 568.73 – 677.38 mg/l and 14.25 – 16.85 mg/l respectively. The colour parameters showed that the L* value (29.16 to 39.04), which signifies lightness, increased as fermentation progressed, as well as the b* axis (10.88 to 18.86), which is the yellow-blue coordinate. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the taste, flavour and overall acceptability of beetroot wines fermented for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days. Moreover, beetroot wine fermented for 14 days was more preferred in terms of taste, aroma, flavour and overall acceptability than those of 7 and 21 days.
Occurrence, antibiotic susceptibility and resistance genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from keypads of automated teller machines (ATM) in a private university, Nigeria
(2022) Akinola OT; Okedigba I; Elutade OO
Environmental surfaces and objects associated with dermal contact by multiple users are suspects of being reservoirs of microorganisms; the ATM is likely to be one of such surfaces. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic organism and causes infection. S. aureus is a major public health interest because of its antibiotic resistance attributes. Considering this fact, a study on the occurrence, susceptibility pattern, and resistant genes among S. aureus isolates from ATM keypads of three different banks located in a private university in Nigeria, was carried out. A total of 56 swabbed samples were collected from seven ATM keypads belonging to the three different banks, and cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Using disk diffusion technique, 0.5 McFarland of each isolate was screened for antibiotic susceptibility, on Mueller-Hinton agar. Also, six of the isolates were screened for genotypic characterization and the detection of β-lactam (blaZ) and macrolide (ermB) resistance genes. Out of 56 isolates obtained, 30 (54%) were phenotypically identified as Staphylococcus aureus using the standard biochemical test. The isolates were 100% resistant to augmentin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cloxacillin and cefuroxime but were susceptible to gentamycin and ofloxacin. On the molecular level, four out of the six randomly selected isolates showed amplified base pair product for S. aureus, blaZ gene as well as the absence of the gene encoding ermB. The present result has shown the potential contamination of ATM keyboards with Staphylococcus aureus and the ATM keypads can also serve as prospective platforms for cross-contamination with antibiotic-resistant strains especially when frequently used by clients of affiliated financial institutions. Therefore, this implies that the hygiene practice of handwashing with soap and water after ATM usage should be further reinforced to reduce the level of contamination and spread of this pathogen.
Peptide inhibition of myointimal proliferation by angiopeptin, a somatostatin analogue
(1991) Lundergan CF; Foegh ML; Ramwell PW
Vascular smooth muscle cell hyperplasia is a major component of atherogenesis in various animal models. Angiopeptin, a cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, markedly inhibits myointimal proliferation in response to endothelial cell injury in the rat carotid artery, rabbit aorta and iliac arteries and in coronary arteries of transplanted rabbit hearts. Angiopeptin does not affect serum lipid profiles in nonhuman primates. It is unlikely, therefore, that its antiproliferative effect is mediated by alterations in cholesterol metabolism. Angiopeptin and other peptide analogues of somatostatin are potent inhibitors of growth hormone release and insulin-like growth factor-1 production. However, inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation in vivo is not a property common to all somatostatin analogues. This suggests that plasma growth hormone and growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor-1 production are not physiologic stimuli for myointimal proliferation in vivo. Angiopeptin inhibits 3H-thymidine incorporation into rat carotid artery explants, suggesting a local effect on automne or paracrine mechanisms regulating cell growth. In view of its potent inhibitory effect on smooth muscle cell replication, angiopeptin may have clinical utility in preventing restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and in preventing accelerated coronary atherosclerosis after cardiac transplantation.
Methanol extracts of Basella alba leaves alleviate stress in rats
(2020) Bamidele O; Okeke NC; Adedeji TG; Adedayo LD; Akinnuga AM
Objective Stress is becoming an unavoidable threat in recent times, there has been increasing interest by researchers in the use of naturally occurring biologically active compounds with medicinal value to cure body ailments. The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of methanol extract of Basella alba leaves on stress in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods A total of 35 male rats were used in this study. They were grouped into seven groups of five rats each. Group 1 (normal control) was received 10 mL/kg normal saline. Group 2 contained restraint stress rats only. Group 3 contained forced swim stress rats only. Group 4 and 5 were treated with 60 mg/kg of B. alba extract (BAE) thereafter subjected to restraint and forced swim stresses respectively. Group 6 and 7 were treated with 120 mg/kg of BAE thereafter subjected to restraint and forced swim stresses respectively. Stress procedures were carried out at the end of first and third weeks. Results In the stressed rats, there were significant increases (P < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose and white blood cell count while there were significant decreases in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration when compared to group 1. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in blood glucose and white blood cell count and significant increases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione concentrations in BAE treated rats when compared to group 2 and 3. Some of the significant differences were either dose or duration dependent. Conclusion In conclusion, results from this research suggest that BAE alleviates hyperglycaemia, chronic activation of immune system and generation of free radicals due to stress in Wistar rats.
Nodular hidradenoma of the breast: A case report
(2018) Ano-Edward GH; Amole IO; Adesina SA; Ajiboye OA; Lasisi ME; Jooda RK
Nodular hidradenoma is a rare benign skin adnexial lesion of the breast. It is often located in the nipple areolar region and presents as a slow growing painless lesion. We report a case in a 62 yr old male who had a slowly growing left breast lesion of 10 yrs duration. Physical examination revealed an 8 cm superficial, spherical, mobile non tender lump in the nipple areolar region. Excision biopsy with clear margins was performed and histologic examination was nodular hidradenoma after wide consultations. Nodular hidradenoma of the breast is a differential diagnosis of sub areolar masses that must be considered by both pathologist and surgeons to avoid misdiagnosis and overtreatment.
Moringa oleifera leaf fractions attenuated Naje haje venom-induced cellular dysfunctions via modulation of Nrf2 and inflammatory signalling pathways in rats
(2021) Adeyi AO; Ajisebiola BS; Adeyi OE; Adekunle O; Akande OB; James AS; Ajayi BO; Yusuf PO; Idowu BA
Naja haje envenoming could activate multiple pathways linked to haematotoxic, neurological, and antioxidant systems dysfunctions. Moringa oleifera has been used in the management of different snake venom-induced toxicities, but there is no scientific information on its antivenom effects against Naja haje. This study thus, investigated the antivenom activities of different extract partitions of M. oleifera leaves against N. haje envenoming. Forty five male rats were divided into nine groups (n = 5). Groups 2 to 9 were envenomed with 0.025 mg/kg (LD50) of N. haje venom while group 1 was given saline. Group 2 was left untreated, while group 3 was treated with polyvalent antivenom, groups 4, 6 and 8 were treated with 300 mg/kg−1 of N-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol partitions of M. oleifera, respectively. Groups 5, 7 and 9 were also treated with 600 mgkg−1of the partitions, respectively. Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate partition of M. oleifera significantly improved haematological indices following acute anaemia induced by the venom. Likewise, haemorrhagic, haemolytic and anti-coagulant activities of N. haje venom were best inhibited by ethanol partition. Envenoming significantly down-regulated Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) with the consequent elevation of antioxidant enzymes activities in the serum and brain. Treatment with extract partitions however, elevated Nrf2 levels while normalising antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, there were reduction in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and interleukin-1β) in tissues of treated envenomed rats. This study concludes that ethanol partition of M. oleifera was most effective against N. haje venom and could be considered as a potential source for antivenom metabolites.

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