Journal Article

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Cardiovascular risk factors in semi-urban communities in southwest Nigeria: Patterns and prevalence
(2015) Oluyombo R; Olamoyegun MA; Olaifa O; Iwuala SO; Babatunde OA
Introduction Over 80% of cardiovascular deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries; most of these deaths are due to modifiable risk factors. The study aimed at estimating the prevalence and pattern of major cardiovascular risk factors in both men and women older than 18years. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of cardiovascular risk factors among semi-urban dwellers in Ekiti State, south-western, Nigeria. 750 participants were drawn from 10 communities. The instrument used was the standard WHO STEPS (II) questionnaire, while blood samples were obtained for analysis. Results There were 750 participants with 529 (70.53%) females. The mean age of participants was 61.7±18.50years and participants’ ⩾65years comprised 38.3%. There were 0.8%, 24.9% and 12.4%, who at the time of this study smoked cigarettes, consumed alcohol, and ate a high salt diet, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, generalized and abdominal obesity was 47.2%, 6.8%, 8.5% and 32.0%, respectively, with only 48.9% receiving hypertension treatment. Elevated total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and low HDL was seen in 4.4%, 16.7% and 56.3% respectively. Conclusion High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors call for an urgent need for more public health attention and reinforcement of primary preventive strategies to curb its menace.
Antioxidant activity and protective effects of cocoa and kola nut mistletoe (Globimetula cupulata) against ischemia/reperfusion injury in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts
(2016) Akinmoladun AC; Olowe JA; Komolafe K; Ogundele J; Olaleye MT
Protection against cardiomyocyte damage following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is highly desirable in patients with ischemic heart disease. Hydromethanol extracts of Globimetula cupulata (mistletoe) growing on cocoa (CGCE) and kola nut (KGCE) trees were assessed for antioxidant content and cardioprotective potential against I/R. Graded concentrations (1–50 μg/mL) of CGCE or KGCE were tested on Langendorff-perfused rat hearts to evaluate the effects on the flow rate, heart rate, and force of cardiac contraction, while another set of hearts were subjected to biochemical analyses. Both extracts showed good antioxidant content and activity, but KGCE (EC50: 24.8±1.8 μg/mL) showed higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than CGCE (70.2±4.5 μg/mL). Both extracts at 3 μg/mL reversed (p < 0.001) membrane peroxidation and the significant decrease in nitrite level, coronary flow rate, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity caused by the I/R cycle. It is concluded that G. cupulata protects against ischemia–reperfusion injury in rat hearts via augmenting endogenous antioxidants and significant restoration of altered hemodynamic parameters.
Reversal of acetaminophen-generated oxidative stress and concomitant hepatotoxicity by a phytopharmaceutical product
(2017) Akinmoladun AC; Oguntunde KO; Owolabi LO; Ilesanmi OB; Ogundele JO; Olaleye MT; Akindahunsi AA
The increasing popularity of herbal medicine and the well-established health benefits of phytochemicals have spurred the multiplicity of nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical products. In this study, Trévo™, a nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical product, was evaluated for beneficial effects in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in Wistar rats. Animals received Trévo™ (1.5mL/kg, 3.0mL/kg or 4.5mL/kg) orally for 14 days. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the oral administration of acetaminophen (2g/kg), 24h prior to sacrifice. Biochemical liver function tests, oxidative stress indicators and histoarchitectural changes were evaluated. Acetaminophen administration occasioned significant increase (P<0.05) in serum bilirubin level and activities of the aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase accompanied by a significant decrease (P<0.05) in albumin level as well as histopathological alterations in liver sections. Promotion of hepatic oxidative stress by acetaminophen was revealed by significant (P<0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation, depletion of reduced glutathione, and decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Administration of Trévo™ remarkably ameliorated acetaminophen-induced histopathological alterations and changes in serum and tissue biochemical markers. The protective effect of Trévo™ (4.5mL/kg) was at par with that of Silymarin (25mg/kg). The present study indicates that Trévo™ has notable salubrious effects.
Specific Energy Based Characterization of Surface Integrity in Mechanical Machining
(2017) Balogun VA; Mativenga PT
In mechanical machining operations, process mechanisms and machining efficiency can be characterized by the cutting tool geometry, process parameters and workpiece materials. These variables are vital parameters to evaluating the specific cutting energy demand as indication to sustainable manufacture. In today's manufacturing environment, where minimum production cost is required to maximize profits, optimum performance of manufactured component is one of the pre-requisite to consumer's continuous patronage. The optimum performance of product especially in machining can be linked to process mechanisms, specific energy demand and surface roughness. Surface integrity is known to vary with values of the ratio of un-deformed chip thickness to cutting edge radius. The specific energy demand is influenced as process mechanism changes. This raises the economic cost of manufacture and CO2 emission. In this work, surface integrity of mechanically machined component is characterized and linked to its corresponding process mechanisms and specific energy demand. This work will contribute towards an improved process parameter selection for minimum energy demand, aid process planning, sustainable manufacture and resource efficiency for mechanical machining processes.
Data set on concentrations, bioavailability, dose and lung deposition of labile metals bound to inhalable and respirable fractions of ambient particulate matters in Akure suburbs
(2018) Olumayede EG; Oguntimehin I; Ediagbonya FT; Ojiodu C; Sodipe GO
This article consists of data sets of concentrations, dose and deposition of some labile metals bound to inhale ambient particulate matter collected at human breathing height of 1.5–2 m in Akure, South Western Nigeria. Ten (10) data points, of different air quality, were selected for study using active sampling method; during the dry season months of November, 2016 to March, 2017. At each data point, the dust particles were collected four times, sorted into inhalable and respirable fractions. The metal concentrations in each fraction were determined using Perkin-Elmer 6000 Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis. The data set were processed and analyzed via descriptive statistics (averages and standard deviations), and numerical analyses. The data were explored further to estimate the exposure dose of metal particles and deposition in various regions of lung (alveolar, trachea-bronchial and extra thoracic) in adults (male and female) dwelling in the area. The data revealed that the highest dose and deposition of metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) occur in the alveolar region of the lung of adults.
Evaluation of 0-M-8 earthquake data sets in African – Asian region during 1966–2015
(2018) Adagunodo TA; Lüning S; Adeleke AM; Omidiora JO; Aizebeokhai AP; Oyeyemi KD; Hammed OS
This article evaluates the occurrence of 0 ≤ M ≤ 8 earthquake data sets for the period of 50 years (that is, January 1, 1966 to December 31, 2015) in African and Western Asia region. It is bounded by latitude 40° S to 40° N and longitude 30° W to 60° E with the focal depth of 0–700 km. Seventy seven thousand, six hundred and ninety-six data points were presented for the analysis. The data used were extracted from earthquake catalog of Advanced National Seismic system via http://quake.geo.berkeley.edu/cnss/, an official website of the Northern California Earthquake Data Centre, USA. Each datum comprised the earthquake occurrence date, time of the earthquake occurrence, epicenter’s coordinates, focal depth and magnitude. The Gutenberg-Richter’s relationship being the longest observed empirical relationship in seismology, analysis of variance and time series were used to analyze the seismicity of the study area. Annual distributions of earthquake occurrence based on magnitude variations with the limit 0 ≤ M ≤ 8 were presented. The two constants a and b in the Gutenberg-Richter’s equation, magnitude of completeness (MC) adjusted R-Square and F-value for the period of 1966–1975, 1976–1985, 1986–1995, 1996–2005, 2006–2015, and the entire period of investigation ranging from 1966 to 2015 were determined so as to investigate the variations of these parameters on earthquake occurrence over time. The histograms of earthquake occurrence against magnitude of earthquakes for the selected years (1966–1975, 1976–1985, 1986–1995, 1996–2005, 2006–2015, and 1966–2015), and the decadal frequency distributions of earthquake occurrence were also plotted. The focal depth occurrence for each magnitude bins (0–0.9, 1–1.9, 2–2.9, 3–3.9, 4–4.9, 5–5.9, 6–6.9, 7–7.9, 8–8.9) were grouped into shallow, intermediate, and deep depths ranging from 0 to 70, 71 to 300, and 301 to 700 km as being used in seismology. The neural network analysis was also applied to the magnitude of the earthquake. The network uses a time series magnitude data as input with the output being the magnitude of the following day. If the nature of the earthquakes time series is stochastic, modeling and prediction is possible. The earthquake data sets presented in this article can further be adopted in the study of seismicity pattern, b-value using series of models, earthquake prediction and variations of earthquake parameters on African and/or Arabian plates. When this approach is integrated with other technique(s), it can provide insights to stability of African lithospehric plates especially the coastal region of Africa.
Data on the radiometric survey over a kaolinitic terrain in Dahomey Basin, Nigeria
(2018) Adagunodo TA; Hammed OS; Usikalu MR; Ayara WA; Ravisankar R
This article consists the in situ data sets of activity concentrations of radionuclides (K-40, Th-232 and U-238) and gamma radiation dose rates measured about 1 m above a kaolinitic terrain in Ifonyintedo, Dahomey Basin, SW Nigeria. Nineteen (19) data points were randomly occupied at the lower axis of the kaolin field using a hand-held detector known as Super-Spec (RS 125). At each data point, the measurements were taken four times, while their averages and standard deviations were estimated in order to ensure accuracy. The radiometric survey was carried out between December, 2017 and January, 2018. The data sets were processed and analyzed via a descriptive statistics. The data can be explored further by estimating the radiological risks to the miners on the field, and to correlate the activity concentrations of the data with the activity concentrations of the tiles that are produced from the kaolin deposits in Ifonyintedo. Furthermore, the data from this article could be compared with other data acquired over a kaolinitic terrain across the globe.
Data showing the effects of temperature and time variances on nano-additives treatment of mild steel during machining
(2018) Afolalu SA; Abioye AA; Udo MO; Adetunji OR; Ikumapayi OM; Adejuyigbe SB
The effects of temperature and time variances on nano-additives treatment of mild steel during machining was presented in this study. Mild steel of 150 kg mass containing 0.56% carbon was charged into the furnace at melting and pouring temperature of 1539 and 1545 °C respectively. Also charged into the furnace with the mild steel were 0.05% max phosphorous and a bit of sulphur. Thereafter, the sample was cooled and annealed at a temperature of 900 °C for 9 h and then cooled to 300 °C of hardening, normalizing and tempering respectively. The treated samples were then soaked with pulverized in palm kernel shell and barium carbonate (20%) energizer at respective temperatures (800, 850, 900 and 950 °C) and time variances (60, 90 and 120 min) in a muffle furnace. The developed tool was tested on a lathe machine to evaluate its performance. The surface and core hardness, wear resistance and toughness were carried out using the hardness tester, Rotopol–V and impact tester respectively. This is essential for predicting the useful life of the tool in service.
Data on the thermal properties of soil and its moisture content
(2018) Oyeyemi KD; Sanuade OA; Oladunjoye MA; Aizebeokhai AP; Olaojo AA; Fatoba JO; Olofinnade OM; Ayara WA; Oladapo O
The dataset contains thermal properties of soil such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, temperature and specific heat capacity in an agricultural farm within the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The data were acquired in forty (40) sampling points using thermal analyzer called KD-2 Pro. Soil samples taken at these sampling points were analyzed in the laboratory for their moisture content following the standard reference of American Association of State Highway and Transport Officials (AASHTO) T265. The data were acquired within the first and second weeks in the month of April, 2012. Statistical analyses were performed on the data set to understand the data. The data is made available publicly because thermal properties of soils have significant role in understanding the water retention capacity of soil and could be helpful for proper irrigation water management.
Development of tracheobronchial fluid for in vitro bioaccessibility assessment of particulates-bound trace elements
(2019) Olumayede EG; Oguntimehin I; Babalola B; Ojiodu CC; Akinyeye RO; Sodipe GO; Uche J; Ojo A
This study was piloted to evaluate bioaccessibility of particulate-bound trace elements using synthetic epithelia lung fluid; in which dipalmitoylphophatidylcholine was substituted with locus bean gum (LBSFL). The resulting data reveal that no significant change in physicochemical characteristics of the stimulated lung fluid compare with similar synthetic fluids; pH value of 7.3, density (0.998gcm−3), conductivity (13.9 mS m-1), surface viscosity (1.136 × 10-12 pas) and surface tension (50.6 mN m-1). To prove the potential applicability of the fluid in in vitro bioaccessibility test, we compared bioaccessibility of particulates-bound trace elements using this fluid with those of stimulated epithelial lung fluid. Bioaccessibility were relatively low values (<30%) in locus bean substituted lung fluid and stimulated epithelial lung fluid. Specifically, As and Cd had significantly higher bioaccessibility values in locus bean substituted lung fluid than stimulated epithelial lung fluid. The data demonstrate that fluid formulated and used in this study can provide a suitable means of evaluate bioaccessibility of trace elements-bound to airborne particulates. •The fluid was used for assessing bioaccessibility of particulate matters-bound trace elements•The formulated fluid can be applied to study in toxicity assessment•The data can be used for inter-laboratory comparison of bioaccessibility of particulate -bound trace element and could stimulate environmental concerns on the impacts of airborne particulates.
Interactive Effect of Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus on Vigna unguiculata
(2019) Fajinmi AA
This research tries to demonstrate physiological effect of combined infection of two viruses on growth parameter of cowpea plant as demonstrated through symptom expression. Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were transmitted to cowpea plants by mechanical rub inoculation. This study showed that the differences in stem height and final aboveground fresh weight of cowpea plants inoculated with mixed infection with CMV and BlCMV were significantly less than those of plants inoculated with a single virus. Likewise cowpea plants inoculated with either virus alone or with CMV and BlCMV mixed infection had less stem height and aboveground fresh weight than the control. The mixed infection of BlCMV and CMV caused significant increase in the severity of symptoms in cowpea and also in the height using factors analysis and Abbott's equation. Symptom severity rating scale used, demonstrated statistical proof for physiological effect based on symptom severity for co-infection. A three phase disease symptom severity expression revealed disease severity for each viral treatment associated with host plant.
CRISPR in Sub-Saharan Africa: Applications and Education
(2019) Ogaugwu CE; Agbo SO; Adekoya MA
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has enabled genetic engineering feats previously considered impracticable, offering great hopes for solutions to problems facing society. We consider it timely to highlight how CRISPR can benefit public health, medicine, and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and offer recommendations for successful implementation.
Design, simulation and implementation of a PID vector control for EHVPMSM for an automobile with hybrid technology
(2019) Adeoye AO; Oladapo BI; Adekunle AA; Olademeji AJ; Kayode JF
This work proposes a Model design simulation and implementation of a novel engine of an Electric Hybrid Vehicle of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (EHVPMSM) based on field oriented vector control. The experimental analysis was carried out using: automotive motor control MTRCKTSPS5604P, 3-Phase PMSM coded of a single Motor Control Kit with MPC5604P MCU and simulation with Simulink. Therefore, the direct torque control can be obtained by adjusting the magnitude and phase angle of the stator flux linkage to match the vector torque required by the load as fast as possible. This eradicates the stress of charging the vehicle battery. It automatically charges when it is connected to the main supply of the EHVPMSM. The electromagnetic torque can be increased from 0Nm to 6.7Nm in approximately 340μs. The response of speed transient was from −2100rpm to +2100rpm in 100ms of 6.7Nm torque limit. This is a novel way of conserving the energy consumption in a vehicle, which conserves space and weight and minimizes cost as it is simply done with low-cost materials. In this research, a new mathematical model is proposed for the direct and quadrature axis of the current to control the speed mechanism for the engine. Computer simulation ensures experimental validation of the system with a percentage error of 4.5%. The methodology employed to control the system was with the use of various sensors and software controller, this can be easily implemented in industry and institutional laboratory of learning.
Molecular docking analysis of apigenin and quercetin from ethylacetate fraction of Adansonia digitata with malaria-associated calcium transport protein: An in silico approach
(2019) Adeoye AO; Olanlokun JO; Tijani H; Lawal SO; Babarinde CO; Akinwole MT; Bewaji CO
Background The investigation and knowledge of calcium handling mechanisms in the plasmodium has been considered as a potential biological target against malaria. Objective This study deals with the evaluation of inhibitory activity of secondary metabolites of ethylacetate partitioned-fraction of Adansonia digitata stem bark extract on malaria-associated protein using in silico docking studies. Materials and methods Molecular docking and virtual screening was performed to understand the mechanism of ligand binding and to identify potent calcium transporter inhibitors. The stem bark extracts of A. digitata contains rich sources of phytochemicals. The secondary metabolites were determined by HPLC-DAD and HRGC-MS analysis. The major chemical constituent present in the ethylacetate partitioned-fraction of A. digitata stem bark extract were examined for their antiplasmodial activity and were also involved in docking study. Results The secondary metabolites, quercetin and apigenin inhibited the formation of β-hematin. The results showed that all the selected compounds in the A. digitata showed binding energy ranging between -6.5 kcal/mol and -7.1 kcal/mol. Among the two chemical constituents, apigenin has the highest docking score along with the highest number of hydrogen bonds formed when compared to quercetin. Analysis of the results suggests that apigenin and quercetin could act as an anti-malaria agent. Conclusion Molecular docking analysis could lead to further development of potent calcium transporter inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of malaria and related conditions.
Modelling and optimal control analysis of Lassa fever disease
(2020) Peter OJ; Abioye AI; Oguntolu FA; Owolabi TA; Ajisope MO; Zakari AG; Shaba TG
Lassa fever is a severe hemorrhagic viral infection whose agents belong to Mastomys natelensis. Generally, humans contract Lassa virus through exposure to food or household products that have been contaminated with the excreta of the infected rodents. Lassa fever is endemic in some West African countries including Nigeria. A basic model is proposed to examine the transmission of the disease. The proposed model is subjected to qualitative study via the theory of differential equations and the threshold quantity that denotes the dominant eigenvalue was derived using next-generation matrix approach. The basic model is further extended to an optimal control model with four controls namely, the fumigation of the environment with pesticide, the use of condom to prevent human to human transmission during sexual activities, early treatment and the use of indoor residual spray. The theory of optimal control was explored to establish the necessary conditions for curtailing the transmission of Lassa fever. Numerical simulation was conducted and the results showed that if the Lassa fever transmission and spread were to be reduced significantly in the endemic region, all the control measures must be taken with all seriousness.
Chemopreventive and remediation effect of Adansonia digitata L. Baobab (Bombacaceae) stem bark extracts in mouse model malaria
(2020) Adeoye A; Bewaji C
Librarians’ perception of disaster preparedness as precursor for effective preservation and conservation of library resources in Nigerian university libraries
(2020) Ilo PI; Nkiko C; Izuagbe R; Furfuri IM
The study examined librarians' perception of disaster preparedness and its effect on effective preservation and conservation of library resources, focusing on university libraries in the Southwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted. The university libraries that provided the data and institutional setting for the study were randomized using the ballot system after which total enumeration technique was employed to take complete census of the population. The population comprised 327 librarians and library officers drawn across federal and state university libraries in the region. The questionnaire and interview methods were used for data collection. Results affirmed, as postulated, that preservation and conservation of information resources would be more effective if disaster preparedness measures are incorporated into the process. As a result, both approaches were found to be complementary. It was also discovered that the core digital preservation strategies are not being practiced in university libraries in the studied region. Consequently, it was recommended that effort aimed at all forms of preservation strategies should be employed to ensure the longevity and sustainability of all information resources.
Nutritional benefits, phytochemical constituents, ethnomedicinal uses and biological properties of Miracle fruit plant (Synsepalum dulcificum Shumach. & Thonn. Daniell)
(2020) Akinmoladun AC; Adetuyi AR; Komolafe K; Oguntibeju OO
Miracle fruit plant or Miracle berry plant (Synsepalum dulcificum) is a peculiar medicinal plant because of the unique taste-modifying property of its fruit which is due to the presence of the glycoprotein, miraculin. This property has been known for centuries to the people of tropical Western and Central Africa who also employ different parts of the plant in the management of various ailments. Scientific investigations have unravelled several pharmacological properties of the plant which include antidiabetic, blood cholesterol-lowering, anti-hyperuricaemia, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and anticancer properties. Also, subacute administration of the plant extract up to 200 mg/kg was not found to be toxic in rats. Apart from miraculin, other pharmacologically active compounds have been identified in the plant including alkaloids (dihydro-feruloyl-5-methoxytyramine, N-cis-caffeoyltyramine, N-cis-feruloyl-tyramine), lignins (+-syringaresinol, +-epi-syringaresinol), phytosterols, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and amino acids. The plant has also been credited with notable nutritional benefits. Proper documentation of available information on folkloric use, biological activity, constituent phytocompounds, and nutritional benefits of ethnobotanicals will go a long way in affording optimal benefits from their therapeutic potentials. This can also aid in the conservation of species at risk of extinction. This work presents an up-to-date review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biological and nutritional properties of Synsepalum dulcificum.
Theoretical assessment of new low global warming potential refrigerant mixtures as eco-friendly alternatives in domestic refrigeration systems
(2020) Bolaji BO
Refrigerants of low global warming potentials (GWPs) of ≤ 150 are required by regulations as working fluids in domestic refrigeration systems. Therefore, this study theoretically investigated the performance of five new refrigerant mixtures (R440A, R441A, R444A, R445A and R451A) with zero ODP and GWPs of less than 150. The results showed that all the investigated refrigerants exhibited very low pressure ratios and discharge temperatures in comparison with R134a with average discharge temperatures of R451A and R440A lower by 8 and 7% respectively, than that of R134a. R451A and R440A have similar vapour specific volume and pressure-temperature characteristics with those of R134a which confirmed that they could be used as replacement for R134a. R440A and R451A have advantages of better COPs and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) in comparison with R134a. Their average COPs are higher by 14 and 5% respectively, than that of R134a. The specific power consumptions (SPCs) of R441A and R445A are significantly higher by average of 57 and 44% respectively; while those of R440A and R451A are lower by average of 8 and 4% respectively, in comparison with R134a. In general, in terms of all the performance parameters considered, R441A and R445A consistently performed poorly, while R440A and R451A achieved better performance than R134a in all aspects. Beside the flammability of these two refrigerants, in which their use require following the established rules and regulations for the safety precautions, they can serve as long term eco-friendly substitute refrigerants for R134a in domestic refrigerators.
Impact of forest fires on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and stable carbon isotope compositions in burnt soils from tropical forest, Nigeria
(2020) Faboya OL; Sojinu SO; Oguntuase BJ; Sonibare OO
Forest fire has been fingered as an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. One of the major causes of global warming is expected increase in wildfire frequencies and intensities. Studying the quantity and speciation of PAHs emanating from different burn intensities has significant implications for environmental quality and global soil dynamics. The levels and distribution profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a tropical rain forest in Nigeria that has witnessed series of seasonal wild fire were investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentrations of PAHs in the fire affected soils ranged from 104.36 to 1868.93 ng/g (average: 713.36 ng/g). The average value of PAHs concentrations in the soil samples were higher than the values reported in similar soils from other region of the world. The soils samples composed predominantly of higher amount of light PAHs with two to three rings, suggesting direct emissions from biomass burning. Source diagnostic indices established that the PAHs were mainly from combustion sources. The soil samples showed enriched δ13C (−17.7 to −20.8‰) as compared to control soil samples (−25.6 to −26.2‰). Given the high erodibility of wildfire ash owing to its physico-chemical properties, the emerging PAHs from them can be easily transported to rivers and reservoirs where they could impact the aquatic food chain and drinking water sources.

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