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Willingness to accept Covid 19 Vaccines in a Rural Community in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria
(2022) Abubakar AA; Shehu AU; Umar AA; Babandi Z; Sokomba A; Sadiku S; Esekhaigbe CE; Adagba KO; Belgore S; Zakka M; Saulawa FA
Purpose In Nigeria, rural communities generally have poor access and utilization of health services including immunization services. In rural areas, household heads determine the utilization of health services including immunization. This study was conducted to determine the willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine among household heads of a rural community in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria. Methods & Materials A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among all household heads in Anguwan Mangu in February 2021 using total population sampling. A pre-tested, electronic based, semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection from household heads. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted at alpha level of significance set at p< 0.05 Results Three hundred and thirty-three respondents participated in the study. Age range was 15 to 80 years. Mean age of the respondents was 35 years (±14.45). Only 55% (183/333) of the respondents were willing to accept COVID-19 vaccines. Major reasons for unwillingness to accept vaccines included; didn't feel the need to be vaccinated (4.5%), lack of trust in government (1.8%), belief that vaccine is used for population control (1.8%), belief that COVID-19 is not real (3%), and concerns over safety of the vaccines (1.8%). Household heads less than 50 years were more likely to accept the vaccines than those aged 50 and above (46% vs 41%) (p<0.592), those who were educated were more likely to accept the vaccines (50% vs 46%) (p<0.235), male household heads were more likely to accept vaccines than female household heads (66% vs 48%) (p<0.002). Conclusion About less than half of the respondents were unwilling to accept the COVID-19 vaccines when available mainly due to misconception about the vaccines. This could pose a major setback in efforts towards controlling the pandemic. It is recommended that Zaria LGA health department should design effective health education intervention strategies based on these misconceptions directed towards enlightening the populace in rural areas in order to improve acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines to fast track the control of the pandemic.
Antibodies to Rift Valley Fever virus in some wildlife and domestic animals in Bauchi state, Nigeria
(2020) Atuman Y; Kudi C; Abdu PA; Abubakar A; Okubanjo O
Antinociceptive activity of methanol extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium tubers in murine model of pain: Possible involvement of α2-adrenergic receptor and KATP channels
(2020) Abubakar A; Nazifi AB; Odoma S; Shehu S; Danjuma NM
The tubers of Chlorophytum alismifolium are used in Nigerian Herbal Medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus, painful and inflammatory conditions. The antinociceptive activity has been validated but the mechanism of this activity is yet to be explored. This study therefore, aimed to investigate the probable mechanism(s) of the antinociceptive activity of C. alismifolium tubers using experimental animal model of pain. HPLC and GC-MS analyses were carried out on the extract. Antinociceptive activity was investigated using acetic acid-induced writhing response test in mice. Three groups of mice were orally administered distilled water (10 ml/kg), C. alismifolium (400 mg/kg) and morphine (10 mg/kg) 60 min before administration of acetic acid and the resulting writhing were counted for 10 min. To establish the probable mechanism(s) of action of C. alismifolium, separate groups of animals were pretreated intraperitoneally with naloxone (2 mg/kg), prazosin (1 mg/kg), yohimbine (1 mg/kg), propranolol (20 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) 15 min before C. alismifolium administration. HPLC chromatogram of the extract revealed seventeen characteristic peaks with retention times ranging between 2.1 and 7.4 min. Administration of C. alismifolium significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the mean number of writhes compared to control group. Pretreatment with yohimbine and glibenclamide significantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively) reduced the antinociceptive activity of extract-alone treated group. However, pretreatment with prazosin, naloxone and propranolol showed no effect on its analgesic activity. The findings from this research revealed the possible involvement of α2-adrenergic receptor and KATP channels in the antinociceptive activity of Chlorophytum alismifolium tuber extract.
An update on oestrus synchronisation of goats in Nigeria
(2016) Omontese BO; Rekwot PI; Ate IU; Ayo JO; Kawu MU; Rwuaan JS; Nwannenna AI; Mustapha RA; Bello AA
This review is aimed at providing information on current status of oestrus synchronization as a management tool in goats in Nigeria. Oestrus synchronisation is a reproductive tool that enables goat farmers breed their animals within a short pre-determined period. The principle of oestrus synchronisation is chiefly the control of the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and two basic mechanisms are employed. These include the use of prostaglandins or its analogues to shorten luteal life/induce premature luteolysis or the use of exogenous progesterone to prolong luteal life, thereby simulating the activity of natural progesterone produced by the corpus luteum. The latter is advantageous where the reproductive status of the flock is unknown. However, the former is easy to apply and only effective in cycling animals. Pharmaceutical products that have been employed in ES protocols in Nigeria include Lutalyse®, Estrumate®, EstroPLAN®, Fluorogestone acetate®, Sil-Oestrus®, Medroxyl-progesterone acetate®, Synchromate-B®, PMSG®, and more recently, the Controlled Internal Drug Release® (CIDR) devices. Over the last three decades, many attempts have been made at assessing the response of goats to various oestrus synchronisation agents and protocols in Nigeria. However, the low availability of these pharmaceutical agents and cost preclude the widespread use of oestrus synchronisation technique in goat production. The inclusion of gonadotrophins in oestrus synchronisation protocols have been reported to improve oestrus responses in goats, while season has been reported to influence the efficiency of oestrus synchronisation programmes. Increasing the dose levels of exogenous hormones in oestrus synchronisation protocols has caused variable and sometimes inconsistent effects. The effects of combining the male stimulus with exogenous hormones, seasonal variation, extra-label use of products and short-term nutritional manipulation on oestrus responses in goats require further evaluation. It is concluded adoption of oestrus synchronisation practice portends enhanced goat production in Nigeria.
An epidemiological study of 270 cases of carcinomas of the head and neck region in a Nigerian tertiary health care facility
(2017) Fomete B; Agbara R; Adebayo ET; Osunde OD; Adeola DS
Introduction Oral cancer is the sixth most frequently occurring malignant tumor and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality with high metastatic and invasive tendency. The incidence of oral cancer differs widely in various parts of the world with a range of 2–10 per 100,000 populations per year, approximately 300,000 new cases. Incidence and mortality as a result of oral cancer are higher in developing countries when compared to developed countries. This is the reason for the occurrence of the peak age in later decades of life. Patients and methods All consecutive cases of histologically diagnosed cases of orofacial carcinomas seen at the Maxillofacial Unit, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria over a 10 year period were retrospectively analyzed. Results Over the study period, a total of 1116 cases of maxillofacial conditions were seen in the unit out of which 270 represented orofacial cancers, giving a prevalence of 24.19%. Of the 270 cases, male accounted for 159(58.9%) while females were 111(41.1%) giving a male to female ratio of 1.43:1. The age ranged from 5 to 90 years, mean (SD), 48.4(16.12) years and patients in the 4th to 6th decades (47.7%) were mostly affected. There was no gender difference in terms of distribution of the tumors according to age. Conclusion Squamous cell carcinoma of the orofacial region has continued to pose great challenges to care givers and practitioners involved in their management.
Analysis of Nigeria Research Reactor-1 Thermal Power Calibration Methods
(2016) Agbo SA; Ahmed YA; Ewa IO; Jibrin Y
This paper analyzes the accuracy of the methods used in calibrating the thermal power of Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1), a low-power miniature neutron source reactor located at the Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. The calibration was performed at three different power levels: low power (3.6 kW), half power (15 kW), and full power (30 kW). Two methods were used in the calibration, namely, slope and heat balance methods. The thermal power obtained by the heat balance method at low power, half power, and full power was 3.7 ± 0.2 kW, 15.2 ± 1.2 kW, and 30.7 ± 2.5 kW, respectively. The thermal power obtained by the slope method at half power and full power was 15.8 ± 0.7 kW and 30.2 ± 1.5 kW, respectively. It was observed that the slope method is more accurate with deviations of 4% and 5% for calibrations at half and full power, respectively, although the linear fit (slope method) on average temperature-rising rates during the thermal power calibration procedure at low power (3.6 kW) is not fitting. As such, the slope method of power calibration is not suitable at lower power for NIRR-1.
Trauma intensive care in a terror-ravaged, resource-constrained setting: Are we prepared for the emerging challenge?
(2019) Amaefule KE; Dahiru IL; Sule UM; Ejagwulu FS; Maitama MI; Ibrahim A
Introduction Trauma in developing countries has been on the increase, a situation perpetuated by rising road traffic collisions, terrorism and firearms proliferation. Some of the victims of trauma are left with life threatening conditions requiring urgent surgical intervention and/or intensive care. The objectives of this study were to determine the pattern of major trauma needing intensive care in the region, and to determine the outcome of major trauma admitted to intensive care unit. Methods A six-year retrospective cohort study of trauma patients needing intensive care, set in the Intensive Care Unit of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, North-West Nigeria. Subjects were major trauma patients admitted into the intensive care unit of the institution, identified via an admission register kept in the unit. The main outcomes measured were length of stay and mortality. Results Trauma admissions represented 25.1% of the all intensive care admissions. Severe traumatic brain injury accounted for 32.1% of the trauma admissions, while burns accounted for 23.2%. Of the injuries, 15.5% were sustained in bomb blasts, and 8.3% were firearm injuries. The majority of the patients stayed for no more than seven days from admission. Burns patients had the worst outcomes, with 82.1% mortality. Conclusion Major trauma contributes significantly to local intensive care admissions, with terrorism- related trauma now an emerging challenging cause of major trauma in our region. The observed poor outcomes in this study are a reflection of the quality of available intensive care, and lends credence to the concept of appropriately resourced, specialised intensive care units for optimisation of care.
Survey for avian influenza and Newcastle disease antibodies and viruses in domestic and wild birds in Bauchi and Gombe States, Nigeria
(2016) Musa WI; Abdu PA; Sa'idu L; Bello M
Toxicological evaluation of repeated administration of povidone iodine in cockerels
(2022) Sani D; Abdu PA; Mamman M; Jolayemi KO
Povidone-iodine (Polidine®) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic being applied topically to treat wounds and prevent their infection. It has been however reported with the assertions that it is effective in the treatment of infectious bursa disease (IBD) when administered orally by practicing Veterinarians and other poultry handlers. Acute kidney injury has been reported also with povidone iodine ingestion. Hence, in this study, graded dose administration was conducted to ascertain its safety profile. Forty chicks were obtained from a poultry hatchery in Ibadan, Oyo State. They were randomly divided into four (4) groups of ten chicks each. Group I served as negative control, groups II, III and IV were administered Polidine® at 1 mL/50 L, 1 mL/25 L, and 1 mL/10 L of water respectively for 7 days. Blood samples were collected on Days 3 and 7 post administration for determination of haematological and biochemical parameters. Liver and Kidney tissues were harvested following termination of the experiment and processed for histopathological examination. Results revealed no significant (p > 0.05) effect in the haematological and biochemical parameters of cockerels treated with Povidone iodine at 1 mL/50 and 25 L of water. On histopathological examination no lesion was also observed in the liver and kidney tissues of groups I, II and III (normal control, 1 mL/50 and 25 L respectively) when compared to group IV (1 mL PI /50 L of water) where lesions were recorded. Hence, this study has shown the relative safety of povidone iodine at different doses in cockerels.
The new COVID-19 omicron variant: Africa must watch its spread!
(2022) Musa SS; Gyeltshen D; Manirambona E; Ayuba D; Lucero-Prisno DE
Spectrum of urological emergencies and surgical interventions in a single tertiary health center
(2021) Hamza BK; Ahmed M; Tolani MA; Awaisu M; Lawal AT; Oyelowo N; Bello A; Maitama HY
Objectives Emergency urologic conditions are relatively common, albeit rarely life threatening, there is often a need for prompt and expedient management in order to avert severe or permanent morbidities. This study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of Urologic emergencies and interventions offered in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Patients and methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who were managed in our institution for emergency urologic conditions over a period of 6 years (2011–2017). The data extracted included; the demographic information, diagnosis and the treatment offered. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Data were displayed using mean +/− standard deviation and percentages. Results The records of a total of 681 patients were retrieved and they span across almost all ages with age range or 2–90 years. Urinary retention was the commonest emergency seen, accounting for 51.7% of the patients. Testicular torsion was the next most common (10%), others are bilateral ureteric obstruction and priapism with 5.4% and 5.3% respectively. Suprapubic cystostomy (SPC) was the commonest operative procedure performed (37.6%). The age range for patients with urinary retention was 3–90 years, though the peak incidence was in the 7th decade (37.3%). Patients with testicular torsion were young adults between the ages of 11 and 44 years. Conclusion Urinary retention was the commonest urologic emergency followed by testicular torsion. Though urethral catheterization was successful in most patients urinary retention, making it the commonest procedure. SPC was the commonest emergency operative procedure performed. Other emergencies occurred sporadically.
Response surface methodology for the optimization of the effect of fibre parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of deleb palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites
(2022) Iliyasu I; Bello JB; Oyedeji AN; Salami KA; Oyedeji EO
Irrespective of the many advantages of Epoxy resins, such as a wide variety of material qualities, ease of processing, little shrinkage during cure, and good adherence to various types of fibres, its application can be further enhanced by improving its mechanical properties. Although previous studies have considered the use of different natural fibres, however, in this study, for the first time Deleb palm fibre was employed as reinforcement on Epoxy, with the purpose of increasing its physical and mechanical qualities due to some of its elemental composition. The optimum formulation of fibre parameters for the development of Epoxy-Based reinforced Deleb palm fibre composite was determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The influences of fibre weight composition of 30–35 wt% and fibre length of 1–5 mm on the physio-mechanical properties: tensile modulus, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact energy and water absorption were investigated using RSM based on Central Composite Design (CCD). The RSM revealed that the fibre reinforcement composition of 38.3 wt% and fibre reinforcement length of 3 mm produced the optimum Epoxy-Deleb palm fibre composite with tensile modulus of 260.365 MPa, the tensile strength of 12.485 MPa, the flexural strength of 25.704 MPa, impact energy of 0.882 J, and water absorption of 0.369%. The results showed that the unique properties of Deleb palm fibre have effect on the physio-mechanical properties of the Epoxy-Delab fibre composite.
Risk factors for Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and pastoralist knowledge and practices in Northern Nigeria
(2021) Adamu AM; Allam L; Sackey AK; Nma AB; Mshelbwala PP; Machunga-Mambula S; Idoko SI; Adikwu AA; Nafarnda WD; Garba BS; Owolodun OA; Dzikwi AA; Balogun EO; Simon AY
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a complex emerging arboviral hemorrhagic disease that causes significant illness in animals and humans. Camel trade across the land borders between Nigeria and the Niger Republic occurs frequently and poses a significant risk for RVF transmission to pastoralists and traders. We carried a cross-sectional study between November 2016 and April 2017 in two northern States (Katsina and Jigawa) known for camel trade in Nigeria to investigate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors for RVFV occurrence. We collected 720 sera and administered questionnaire to pastoralists. We used the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to determine the previous exposure to RVFV infection. We retrieved environmental information from public data sources that might explain RVFV seropositivity at the LGA level. To asses potential risk factors,we categorized LGAs with RVFV as "1" and those without a case" 0". We fitted a logistic model to the data and estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. An overall 19.9% prevalence was reported among camel herd—the highest seropositivity (33.3%) was recorded in SuleTankarkar LGA. In the multivariable model, only rain-fed croplands was significantly associated with RVFV antibodies occurrence p = 0.048 (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76–0.99). Only a minority of the respondents, 19.3% (n = 17/88), knew that RVF is zoonotic. Separation of healthy animals from the infected animals was carried out by 53.4% (47/88) pastoralists while 59.1% (52/88) pastoralists still use ethnoveterinary practices to control or mitigate disease outbreaks. Our study demonstrates the presence of RVFV antibodies among camel in Nigeria and the associated risk factors. These findings highlight the need for enhancing surveillance and control efforts and the public health education of camel pastoralists. Further investigation to unravel the zoonotic transmission potential to pastoralists and other animal species is pertinent.
Socio-demographic correlates of psychological distress among male patients with infertility in Zaria, Nigeria
(2012) Yusuf AJ; Maitama HY; Amedu MA; Ahmed M; Mbibu HN
Objectives To determine the level and socio-demographic correlates of psychological distress among males with infertility. Subjects and methods This cross-sectional descriptive study involving males with infertility was carried out at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria between June and December 2011. The respondents were initially evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and a sheet designed for the collection of socio-demographic data. Patients who scored above the cut-off points of HADS were further interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI) depression and anxiety module. Data obtained from the study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 15. All tests of significance were carried out at a 5% level of probability. Results A total of 81 respondents with a mean age of 35.1±6.7years participated in the study. 56 (69.1%) had a formal education. The mean number of years of education was 8.5±6.0. More than 50% of the respondents had received unorthodox treatment for infertility, and about 35% had a previous history of sexually transmitted infection (STI). 26 (32.1%) patients scored above the cut-off points of HADS. Psychological distress was found in 23 (28.4%), 14 (17.3%) patients were found to be depressed, while 9 (11.1%) had a generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological distress was significantly associated with a history of marital divorce (χ2=24.99, p=.001). Conclusion Male infertility is associated with psychological distress in Nigeria and the rate is comparable to that of other parts of the world.
Prevalence of Leptospira interrogans in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus and Cricetomys gambianus) in Zaria, Nigeria
(2021) Udechukwu CC; Kudi CA; Abdu PA; Abiayi EA; Orakpoghenor O
Leptospirosis is a neglected disease of zoonotic importance and rodents have a known role in epidemiology of Leptospira globally. Paucity of information on the prevalence of leptospirosis in wild rats used as games in Zaria, Nigeria informed the study. The study aimed to detect Leptospira interrogans in wild rats in Zaria, Nigeria. A total of 71 wild rats comprising 57 Rattus norvegicus and 14 Cricetomys gambianus were sampled over a period of 3 months (April–June 2019). Fisher exact test was used with confidence interval set at 0.05 to ascertain associations between positive cases and species. Blood was collected from 56 rats and harvested sera screened for Leptospira interrogans antibody using rat IgG competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Following humane euthanasia of rats, 71 samples (62 kidney tissues and 9 urine samples) were collected in sterile labeled tubes and cultured using Ellinghausen Mc-cullough Johnson Harris (EMJH) enrichment and basal medium. Results indicated over all Leptospira spp antibody detection of 73.2 % (41/56) in Rattus norvegicus (60.7 %) and Cricetomys gambianus (12.5 %). No significant difference (P > 0.05) existed for the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans antibody in the species of wild rats. Over all occurrence of Leptospira interrogans were 74.2 % (46/62) in kidneys and 55.6 % (5/9) in urine samples. Based on species of rats, Rattus norvegicus recorded prevalence of 76.9 % (40/52) and 40.0 % (2/5) in kidney and urine samples respectively. Prevalence of 60.0 % (6/10) and 75.0 % (3/4) in kidney and urine samples respectively were recorded for Cricetomys gambianus. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans in kidney samples of both wild rats. These species of rats could be reservoirs of Leptospira interrogans. The result showed high prevalence of Leptospira spp in the wild rats and the possibility of domestic animals and humans contracting the disease. This study is the first documentation of evidence of pathogenic Leptospira species in wildlife used as games in Zaria, Nigeria.
Optimal determination of hidden Markov model parameters for fuzzy time series forecasting
(2022) Salawudeen AT; Mu'azu MB; Adedokun EA; Baba BA
This paper presents Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) forecasting technique using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic algorithm (GA). One of the major limitations of HMM is the lack of efficient method for HMM parameter estimation. Traditional methods like Baum Welch Algorithm (BWA) have been used to address the associated problem with HMM model. The BWA in itself does not truly capture the fuzziness in natural data resulting in the HMM algorithm into local minima. To address this challenge, this paper formulates the HMM parameter estimation problem into an optimization problem optimized by GA and PSO algorithms. To solve the problem of insufficiency in data allied with the HMM model, we adopted a method called smoothing to reduce the occurrence of zero in the observation events. Monte Carlo simulation is used at the end of the forecast to maintain stability and efficiency of the developed approach. The performance of developed model is evaluated using data of daily average temperature and cloud density of Taipei Taiwan, the Internet traffic data of Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) and Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX). Experimental results showed that the proposed forecasting models has a good forecasting accuracy when compared with existing models.
Prevalence of culture-positive mycobacteria among suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Northern, Nigeria
(2016) Jimoh O; Olayinka A; Musa BO; Ezati N; Ajiboye PF
Research Note: Detection of infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in free-living wild birds in Zaria, Nigeria
(2020) Orakpoghenor O; Oladele SB; Abdu PA
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an immunosuppressive pathogen of poultry causing great economic losses to the poultry industry. In this study, the IBDV antibodies were detected in captured free-living wild birds in Zaria, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty free-living wild birds, comprising 30 birds each of 5 different species, were sampled over a period of 9 months. Blood samples were collected from each bird, and harvested sera were tested for IBDV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results indicated IBDV seroprevalences in speckled pigeon (6.67%) and cattle egret (3.33%). In conclusion, the detection of IBDV antibodies in free-living wild birds in this study is indicative of previous natural exposure of these birds to the virus. These species of wild birds could therefore serve as carriers of these viruses and, consequently, transmit these viruses to chickens.
Research Note: Evaluation of acute oral toxicity of povidone-iodine in cockerels using the up-and-down procedure
(2021) Sani D; Abdu PA; Mamman M; Jolayemi KO; Yusuf PO; Andamin AD
Povidone-iodine (Polidine) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic and being applied topically to treat wounds and prevent their infection. It is however used by poultry farmers, field veterinarians, and other animal health workers with the claim that it is effective for treatment of infectious bursal disease when administered orally. Hence, an acute oral toxicity study was conducted to ascertain its safety profile. Ten cockerel chicks were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups of 5 chicks per group. One group served as the negative control, whereas the other group was administered povidone-iodine at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg of BW orally. The blood sample was collected at the end of the study to determine changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. In addition, vital organs were also harvested and preserved for histopathological examinations. The result showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) of the povidone-iodine is higher than 2,000 mg/kg of BW in cockerels. There were no significant changes in the hematological parameters measured. Biochemical evaluation (renal and liver function test) showed an increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels after administration of povidone-iodine. The study indicated that the LD50 of povidone-iodine is higher than 2,000 mg/kg of BW of cockerels, and there were increases in urinary and liver enzymes at this dose.
Quantitative distribution and interaction of Salmonella Zega with host cells in visceral organs of chickens infected orally, intraperitoneally and per cloaca
(2020) Mshelbwala FM; Ibrahim ND; Saidu SN; Babatunde EG; Kadiri AK; Thomas FC; Kwanashie CN; Agbaje M
Immunohistochemical study of the visceral organs of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella Zega by three routes was carried out to compare the quantitative distribution and interaction of the organism with host cells. 100 birds comprising of 2 week-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 25 each. Group A was inoculated orally, group B intraperitoneally, group C were administered per cloaca and D were not inoculated and served as control. All the infected birds were inoculated with 0.2 ml of 1 × 108 cfu of the bacteria. Two birds from each group were sacrificed every 24 h post infection. Samples of visceral organs were collected for immunohistochemistry. The distribution of Salmonella Zega in every organ was taken as Mean ± SD of the number of foci of immunoreactions and Compared using a 2-way ANOVA. The interaction of Salmonella Zega with host cells was determined by taking the percentage of the days post infection in which immunoreactions were detected in host cells in each route of infection. The distribution of the organism was highest in the lung of intraperitoneally infected chickens (83.95 ± 27.89) and lowest in the heart (5.21 ± 3.65) of chickens that were infected per cloaca. The highest percentage of interaction of Salmonella Zega was recorded in the epithelial (100%) and blood (100%) cells in all the routes of infection. There were variations in the distribution of Salmonella Zega in visceral organs of chickens but the level of interactions with host cells were similar even when infected through different routes.

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