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Item Burden and spectrum of paediatric respiratory diseases at a referral hospital in North-Central Nigeria - A five year review(2020) Ibraheem RM; Aderemi JA; Abdulkadir MB; Johnson WBIntroduction Globally respiratory diseases, comprising a broad range of disease conditions due to infectious and non-infectious causes, are a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Thus, identification of the burden of respiratory illness will ensure appropriate interventions towards reducing its attendant morbidity and mortality. The study was conducted to identify the burden, spectrum and outcome of respiratory diseases in hospitalized children at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, North-Central Nigeria. Methods A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study involving children admitted through the emergency paediatric unit over five years (January 2013-December 2017) was conducted. Data on demography, diagnosis, co-morbidities and complications, duration of admission, and outcome were collected and analyzed using SPSS 20. Results Of the total 7012 children admitted, 1939(27.7%) were due to respiratory diseases with a median age of 16 (interquartile range IQR 7-36) months. Males were 994(51.3%) and 945(48.7%) females. Infectious diseases were the most common cause of admission. Pneumonia (50.1%) and aspiration pneumonitis (5.1%) accounted for the highest admissions due to infective and non-infective respiratory diseases respectively. Overall, respiratory diseases accounted for 20.7% (119/574) of the overall mortality among all admissions while the all-respiratory disease mortality was 6.1% (119/1939). The major contributors to mortality were pneumonia, aspiration pneumonitis and tuberculosis accounting for 81(68.1%), 12(10.1%) and nine (7.6%) deaths respectively. The median duration of hospital stay was four days [IQR: 2 to 6 days]. A significantly higher proportion of the deaths occurred with four days of admission and 82.4% of the deaths occurred among those aged less than five years. A higher number of females (70, 58.8%) died compared to males (49, 41.2%), p=0.05. Conclusion Pneumonia and aspiration pneumonitis are major contributors to morbidity and mortality due to respiratory diseases for which interventions towards improving childhood health indices should be prioritized.Item Chemical composition of wet precipitation in ambient environment of Ilorin, north central Nigeria(2014) Abdus-Salam N; Adekola FA; Otuyo-Ibrahim MThe physico-chemical quality of rainwater in the atmospheric environment of Ilorin in the north central Nigeria has been evaluated. Rainwater samples were collected at every rainy day between March and October 2008. Samples were analysed for pH value, conductivity and water-soluble cations and anions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, and Cl−. The average monthly pH ranged between 6.6 and 7.4 with the highest value recorded during the early months of precipitation while the average annual pH value ranged between 6.68 and 7.04. The average annual conductivity ranged between 108.8μScm−1 and 219.6μScm−1 with the highest and lowest values recorded at highly urbanized areas and a low density residential area. High levels of Ca2+ and NO3- ions were observed and together constituted 55% of the total ion mass. Ca2+ ion is crustal element and it alone contributed 56% to the total cations while NO3- a by-product of atmospheric oxidation of particulate from fossil fuel combustion constituted 53% of total anions measured. Generally speaking, the ionic abundance in precipitation (μgL−1) showed the general trend: NO3->Cl−> SO42-> PO43- for anions and Ca2+>K+>Na+>Fe2+>Mg2+>Pb2+ for cations. The average annual SO42- concentration ranges between 12.9 and 27.6μgL−1 while the cumulative average for Ilorin was 17.3μgL−1. The statistical analysis of physico-chemical parameters revealed a strong correlation (p<0.01 and p<0.05) among some sites which was an indication of a common source of inputs of these parameters. Results of the present study suggested that both natural and anthropogenic inputs influence the changes of chemical compositions that occurred during the wet precipitation.Item Consumer awareness, proximate composition, and sensory properties of processed African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus) thigh meat(2019) Oyeyinka SA; Alabi-Ogundepo T; Babayeju AA; Joseph JKThis study investigated the knowledge of consumption of giant rat meat within the University of Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria and further determined the effect of processing methods on the most preferred meat part (thigh meat). After the survey, two male and female giant rats each were obtained from a farm and slaughtered according to standard method. A 2 × 2 design was used to obtain four samples. The male rats were boiled and then divided into two portions. One portion was deep-fat fried and the other grilled to produce. The same process was employed for the female samples. Proximate composition and sensory properties of the processed thigh meat was also assessed. Majority of the respondents (27) prefer the hind limb (thigh) of the giant rat compared to the head (3), ribs and stomach area (5) and the fore limbs (8). The proximate composition of the raw giant rat meat were not affected by the sex, since the values were very similar. Protein is the major nutrients in the meat (approx. 24%), while fats, ash, fibre and carbohydrate were very low. Frying and grilling resulted in significant reduction in the proximate composition of the meat. Grilling showed slightly higher protein contents (approx. 22%) than the fried samples (approx. 18%). In general, there was no significant (p ≤ .05) difference in the sensory properties of the processed meat. The low fat content of the giant rat meat is advantageous for adults and people suffering from fat related diseases. In conclusion, giant rat meat is popular among students and staff of the University of Ilorin, but its low consumption pattern is due to the limited amount raised or within the University environs.Item Assessment of metallic pollution status of surface water and aquatic macrophytes of earthen dams in Ilorin, north-central of Nigeria as indicators of environmental health(2016) Ogunkunle CO; Mustapha K; Oyedeji S; Fatoba POThe functional quality of an aquatic ecosystem is a reflection of the health of the environment. Therefore, the present study evaluates the trace metal contamination (Pb, Cd, Ni and Mn) of water and aquatic macrophytes in Asa, Agba, Unilorin and Sobi (Moro) earthen dams, north-central Nigeria to evaluate the level of anthropogenic impact on the immediate environment. The concentrations of trace metals in samples of water and available macrophytes from the earthen dams were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Trace metal contamination of surface water in the earthen dams was assessed using metal index (MPI) and metal pollution index (HPI). The biological accumulation factor of trace metals in the aquatic macrophytes was extrapolated from trace metal concentrations in the water and macrophyte samples. The results of the MPI revealed gross metal contamination of the surface water by Pb and Cd (>6.0 for both metals) in the four earthen dams; while Agba and Sobi dams were slightly contaminated by Ni (MPIs=1.43 and 1.14 respectively). All the earthen dams were considered safe from Mn contamination (MPI100), but Asa dam (HPI=2682.4) was the most contaminated. The biological accumulation factor of Mn in the macrophytes indicated Ceratophyllum demersum, Pycreus lanceolatus and Pistia stratiotes as moderate accumulators of Mn, and can be used as bioindicators in monitoring Mn pollution of aquatic ecosystem. The obtained results in this study showed that the earthen dams are polluted by Pb, Cd and Ni which pose human health risks to the inhabitants through drinking water.Item Breast cancer patients in Nigeria: Data exploration approach(2017) Oguntunde PE; Adejumo AO; Okagbue HIBreast cancer is the type of cancer that develops from breast tissue; it is mostly common in women and it is one of the most studied diseases, largely because of its high mortality (second to lung cancer). However, it occurs in males also. This article presents a statistical study of the distribution of age, gender, length of stay, mode of diagnosis, status (dead or alive) after treatment and the location of breast cancer among 300 patients admitted in the University of Ilorin teaching hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. The study covers a period of five (5) years; from 2011 to 2016 and logistic regression was used to perform the basic analysis in this study. It was discovered that the age of patients and the location of the breast cancer (right or left) contributes significantly to the survival of the patients. However, early detection and treatment of the disease is highly encouraged. This study also recommends that awareness should be taken to the grassroots and males should not be excluded from this discussion.Item The RTS,S malaria vaccine: Journey from conception to recommendation(2022) Egbewande OMThe RTS,S malaria vaccine was recently recommended for use among children at risk in malaria endemic regions. Although significant efforts have been made to minimise malaria cases, the results of these innovations have not been totally satisfactory due to specific limitations. However, this revolutionary vaccine has a great tendency to put an end to malaria. Being the first vaccine against malaria, this commentary examines its journey from the idealisation and conception to the recommendation by the World Health Organization. The commentary also examines some of the challenges that might affect the execution of the vaccination programme in sub-Saharan Africa and other malaria endemic regions and suggest recommendations to overcome the possible them.Item Toxicity assessment of sub-acute and sub-chronic oral administration and diuretic potential of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces(2020) Njinga NS; Kola-Mustapha AT; Quadri AL; Atolani O; Ayanniyi RO; Buhari MO; Amusa TO; Ajani EO; Folaranmi OO; Bakare-Odunola MT; Kambizi L; Oladiji AT; Ebong PBackground Food and herbal usage of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) is attaining improved global relevance and acceptance without recourse to its potential toxic effects. This study investigated the safety profile of acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic administrations and diuretic potential of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces (AEHSC). Method Acute oral toxicity, sub-acute and sub-chronic toxicity as well as diuretic studies were carried out on HS. A total of 20 Wistar rats were used for each toxicity study and assigned into four groups of five rats. The extract was administered as a single daily dose of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (bwt) for 28 and 90 days respectively. To evaluate diuretic activity, 25 rats were divided into five groups of five rats and administered normal saline, hydrochlorothiazide 10 mg/kg, AEHSC 67.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg via the oral route. Urine sample was collected after 18 h, volume measured and concentration of electrolytes analyzed. The hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated as well as the histopathology of kidney and liver. Results The acute oral toxicity was found to be >2000 mg/kg. AEHSC did not alter concentration of WBC, MCV, MCHC, lymphocyte as well as total and direct bilirubin in the sub-acute study. However, AEHSC significantly (p < 0.05) increased total protein, albumin, globulin, Na+, Cl−, HCO3- and platelet levels, while levels of uric acid, creatinine, K+, RBC, Hb, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C and atherogenic index were decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In the sub-chronic study, AEHSC significantly (p < 0.05) increased the levels of globulin, urea, creatinine, MCH and atherogenic index. The concentrations of uric acid, WBC, platelets and HDL-C were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. In both the sub-acute and sub-chronic studies, activities of ALP, ALT, AST, GGT and LDH in selected organs were altered without significant increase (P < 0.05) in activity of these enzymes in the serum. The AEHSC at all the doses showed remarkable diuretic activity during 18 h period comparable to hydrochlorothiazide. The extract also showed a non-dose-dependent increase in excretion of electrolytes. Histological analysis of sections of the liver and kidney for both sub-acute and sub-chronic studies showed normal histology comparable to the control group. Conclusion This study revealed AEHSC has some toxic effects in rats on sub-chronic administration. In addition, the extracts produced a significant diuretic activity. Hence, prolonged oral consumption of the extract may not be recommended.Item Telfairia occidentalis stimulates hepatic glycolysis and pyruvate production via insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms(2021) Salman TM; Iyanda MA; Alli-oluwafuyi AM; Sulaiman SO; Alagbonsi AIBackground Telfairia occidentalis (TO), a plant consumed for its nutritional and medicinal values, exhibits hypoglycaemic effect. However, the metabolic fate of the glucose following TO-induced insulin secretion and consequent hypoglycaemia is not clear. Objective This study determined the effect of ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of TO leaf extracts on some biochemical parameters in the glucose metabolic pathway to explain the possible fate of blood glucose following TO-induced hypoglycaemia. Methods Eighteen male Wistar rats (180–200 g) divided into control, n-hexane TO fraction- and ethyl acetate TO fraction-treated groups (n = 6/group) were used. The control animals received normal saline while the treated groups received TO at 100 mg/kg for seven days. After 24 h following the last dose, the animals were anaesthetised using ketamine; blood samples were collected and livers harvested to determine some biochemical parameters. Results Ethyl acetate TO fraction significantly increased plasma insulin, liver glucokinase activity and plasma pyruvate concentration, but significantly decreased plasma glucose and liver glycogen, without significant changes in plasma lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, liver glucose-6-phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities when compared with control. N-hexane TO fraction significantly reduced liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity and glycogen but significantly increased plasma pyruvate, without significant changes in plasma glucose, insulin, glucose-6-phosphate and lactate concentrations; and liver glucokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Conclusion The present study showed that insulin-mediated TO-induced hypoglycaemia resulted in the stimulation of glycolysis and pyruvate production via insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms.Item Therapeutic effects of crude extracts of Bacopa floribunda on beta-amyloid 1-42-induced Alzheimer’s disease via suppression of dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in male Wistar Rats(2022) Oyeleke MB; Oni HT; Arokoyo OL; Owoyele BVAims Bacopa floribunda (BF), an African traditional plant and its species have been widely used as brain tonic for memory enhancement. It has also been reported to help relieve anxiety and some psychological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of BF on Amyloid beta (Aβ) 1–42 peptides induced cognitive deficit in male Wistar rats. Main methods A total of 48 healthy male wistar rats were used for this study. Some groups were pre-treated with 200 mg/kg of BF extracts before a single bilateral injection of Aβ 1–42 while some were post-treated with BF for 21 days after Aβ1-42 exposure. Cognitive performance was evaluated using Y-Maze and Novel Object recognition tests. After treatments, hippocampal homogenates were assayed for the levels of Acetylcholinesterase, Na–K/ATPase activities, glutamate and Aβ1-42 concentrations among others. Key findings It was observed that Aβ1-42 caused cognitive impairment and BF extracts especially the ethanol extract was able to significantly (p < 0.05) reverse almost all the perturbations including lipid imbalance caused by Aβ1-42 assault mainly at the post-treatment level. Significance Administration of ethanol and aqueous extracts of BF mitigated the hazardous effect of Aβ1-42 observed in the blood plasma and hippocampal homogenates. In this context, we conclude that BF is an efficient cognitive enhancer that can help alleviate some symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease.Item Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in abattoir workers and slaughtered cattle in Ilorin metropolis Kwara State Nigeria(2020) Bamidele F; Gidado S; Edukugho A; Cadmus SIItem Simultaneous removal of Zn(II) ions and pathogens from pharmaceutical wastewater using modified sugarcane bagasse as biosorbents(2022) Ajala EO; Ayanshola AM; Obodo CI; Ajala MA; Ajala OJSugarcane bagasse (SCB) was developed into biosorbents by base (BSB), acid (ASB), and acid-base (A-BSB). The biosorbents were deployed to remediate pharmaceutical wastewater that was laden with Zn(II) ions and pathogens. The wastewater was characterised and revealed an increased Zn(II) ions concentration of 10.41 mg/l, total bacterial count (TBC) of 1.3 × 103 CFU/ml, and total coliform count (TCC) of 6 × 102 CFU/ml. These pollutants are hazardous to human and aquatic lives if discharged into the ecosystem without treatment. The developed biosorbents were also characterised by FTIR, XRD, SEM with EDX mapping, and BET. The FTIR spectra showed peaks of the carboxylic groups present in lignin and hemicellulose which have good biosorbent properties. The XRD revealed the effect of the chemical modification of the SCB by changing the compound composition from sucrose to cellulose. The BET of the A-BSB gave the highest surface area and pore volume of 5.339 × 102 m2/g and 2.722 × 10−1 cc/g respectively, while the pore size of 2.105 nm was the lowest. Therefore, A-BSB exhibited optimum 99% removal of Zn(II) ion, and antimicrobial capacity of 100% removal for both TBC and TCC at 120 min, 40 °C, and 0.5 g dosage. The A-BSB is the most suitable adsorbent among the developed biosorbents for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, as the findings from the kinetics study recommended chemisorption. Hence, the chemical modification of SCB was a promising low-cost adsorbent for Zn(II) ions and pathogens' removal from aqueous solutions.Item Socio-demographic and clinical factors predicting time to presentation for children with pneumonia in Ilorin, Nigeria(2018) Ibraheem RM; Abdulkadir MB; Gobir AA; Johnson WBBackground Pneumonia is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in children, and the time to presentation is a recognized contributor towards disease severity and outcome. Objectives The current study aimed to explore the influence of some socio-demographic and clinical factors in children with pneumonia on the time to presentation at a health facility in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. Materials and method A prospective cross-sectional study of 167 children with pneumonia was done. The duration of the various symptoms and first presentation to a health facility was obtained. Time to presentation was categorized as 0–2days (early), 3–5days (intermediate) and greater than five days (late). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant predictors of either early or intermediate presentation compared with late presentation. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results Fifty-one (30.5%) children with pneumonia had an early presentation, 73 (43.7%) had intermediate presentation and 43 (25.7%) were late in presentation. Predictors of early presentation were younger age (OR 0.96, 95%CI 0.93–0.99), higher respiratory rates (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.01–1.06) and bronchopneumonia (OR 6.93, 95%CI 1.52–31.63). Predictors of intermediate presentation were families with few number of children (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.57–0.92) and bronchopneumonia (OR 3.41, 95%C.I. 1.02–11.38). Conclusion Infancy and families with few children are socio-demographic features that are likely to determine early-to-intermediate presentation of children with pneumonia while high respiratory rates and bronchopneumonia are disease related factors that predict early presentation.Item Storm time IRI-Plas model forecast for an African equatorial station(2019) Adebiyi SJ; Ikubanni SO; Adebesin BO; Adeniyi JO; Joshua BW; Adimula IA; Oladipo OA; Olawepo AO; Adekoya BJThe limitation of ionospheric models in describing short-term ionospheric events has led to the development of data assimilative models e.g. the International Reference Ionosphere extended to Plasmasphere (IRI-Plas) model. This paper compares the IRI-Plas derived total electron content (TEC), the peak height (hmF2) and critical frequency (foF2) of the F2-layer with those obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver's and Digisonde Precision Sounder (DPS-4) measurements over Ilorin (Geog. Lat. 8.50oN; Long. 4.50oE, dip: – 7.9o) during geomagnetic storm days. The model estimation was done by assimilation of Ionosonde foF2 and TEC derived from GPS (GPS-TEC) and Global Ionospheric Map (GIM-TEC) into the model code. In order to study the effect of data assimilation on the model's representation, the “no input” option of the model was used as reference. The result shows that with the exception of the foF2 assimilation mode, all the options generally reproduced TEC quite well for all the storm days considered. Overall, the model adjusted with GPS-TEC gives the best prediction of TEC as it reduced the prediction error of TEC by a multiple of up to three compared to using the GIM-TEC. Also, all the options failed to reproduce the storm induced prominent features in the storm-time features of foF2 and hmF2. In other word, assimilation with the TEC does not generally improve the storm-time predictions of foF2 and hmF2 at the station. Consequently, for storm-time estimation of the F2-layer peak parameters, the ‘no input’ representation of the model is more valid at this station.Item Rhinometry: Spectrum of nasal profile among Nigerian Africans(2011) Jimoh RO; Alabi SB; Kayode AS; Salihu AM; Ogidi ODAbstract Nasal parameters measurements are useful in anthropology to distinguish people into racial and ethnic groups. Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey among Nigerians aged 18 to 70 years of Nigerian parentage randomly selected at the ENT Clinic of the University of Ilorin teaching hospital (U.I.T.H.), Ilorin, Nigeria without gender discrimination had measurement of their nasal parameters done using a sliding caliper: Nasal height, width, tip protrusion, alar thickness, nasal septal thickness and nares diameter. Results 105 subjects were seen, the age range 18 to 70 years (mean of 28.63 + 13.06 years). There was 58 males and 47 females with a male/female ratio of 1.2:1. The mean nasal width/height (Nasal index -NI) was 90.7 in males and 88.2 in females. Males had a higher NI compared to female (p < 0.03). The commonest type of nasal variability is Type A (70.5%), Platyrrhine nose, Type B (26.7%) especially in females (mesorrhine) and Type C (leptorrhine) (2.8%). Conclusions There is significant association between the sex of an individual and type of Nose. Platyrrhine nose, among males and mesorrhine among females, only 2.8% being leptorrhine. The nasal indices were higher in males than in females.Item Serological survey of Chikungunya virus in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria(2017) Kolawole OM; Bello KE; Seriki AA; Irekeola AAItem Regulatory effects of quercetin on testicular histopathology induced by cyanide in Wistar rats(2021) Oyewopo AO; Adeleke O; Johnson O; Akingbade A; Olaniyi KS; Areola ED; Tokunbo OSeveral causes of infertility have been identified, and several papers have documented some compounds that cause infertility. One of the compounds reported to be toxic to the reproductive system is cyanide. In the management of infertility, various mechanisms ranging from synthetic drugs, natural products and supplements have been employed. Quercetin is an antioxidant supplement that has been used in the treatment of a variety of ailments. This work is aimed at investigating the role of quercetin in attenuating spermato-toxicity and testicular-histopathology induced by cyanide. Seventy-two (72) male wistar rat (weight 190 g ± 10 g) were divided into nine groups (n = 8) except for groups 4 and 5 with (n = 16). Group 1 (control) received physiological saline while Groups 2 and 3 received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg body weight (bwt) cyanide respectively for 56 days, groups 4 and 5 received 0.5 and 1 mg/kg bwt cyanide respectively for 30 days. At day 30, eight animals were sacrificed from Groups 4 and 5 and the remaining eight (8) rats were subdivided into groups (6 and 7) and were given 20 and 40 mg/kg bwt of quercetin respectively for twenty-six days. Co-administration of cyanide and quercetin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg cyanide +20 mg/kg quercetin and 1 mg/kg cyanide +40 mg/kg quercetin were given to group 8 and 9 respectively for 56 days. Significant decreases in sperm parameters (count, motile and normal sperm) and increases in malondiadehyde concentration were observed in the cyanide treated groups. Testicular histoarchitecture showed few to no spermatozoa in the lumen of rats treated with cyanide. All these effects were attenuated by quercetin. In conclusion, quercetin regulates testicular histopathology induced by cyanide in Wistar rats. Data from this work suggests potential preventive or therapeutic applications of quercetin for individuals subjected to cyanide environmental pollution.Item Assessment of anthropogenic activities impacts on the water quality of Asa river: A case study of Amilengbe area, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria(2022) Solihu H; Bilewu SOABSTRACT The study assessed the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of the Asa River within the case study area and the probable use of this river for agricultural purposes by estimating the Water Quality Index (WQI). Two sampling points were selected namely; upstream (A) and downstream (B). A total number of sixteen (16) samples were taken for four months (i.e two samples per month per sampling point). Temperatures were measured in-situ while other physicochemical and microbial parameters tests were conducted in the laboratory. The errors arising from environmental conditions were minimized by conducting the tests as soon as the samples were collected and the results were analyzed using both the descriptive and the inferential statistics (Pearson Correlation) on both Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. This study has revealed that the Asa River within the study area is polluted as a result of the impacts of the anthropogenic activities when the results of the analyzed water quality parameters downstream are significantly (p < 0.05, at a 95% confidence interval) higher than at the upstream except for pH, DO, BOD, and EC which are relatively higher at the upstream although the study indicated that the results were within the recommendations. This study recommends that the anthropogenic activities within this area be monitored as the urbanizations are rapidly taking place and the effects are polluting the water which is making it harmful not only to the ecosystems but also making unfit for possible drinking at the downstream. Also, the study has concluded that the changes in the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) 2016 – 2020 have no statistically significant effects on the physicochemical and microbial water quality of the Asa River. Therefore, as investigated by estimating the WQI, in its current form, the Asa River is fit for agricultural purposes (irrigation farming). However, this study recommended the treatment of this water before drinking as the water in its present form is unfit for drinking.Item Quality attributes and consumer acceptability of custard supplemented with Bambara groundnut protein isolates(2022) Arise AK; Malomo SA; Awaw AA; Arise ROCustard, a sole cornstarch-made weaning food in developing country, was enriched with Bambara groundnut protein isolate (BPI) in order to increase its protein content and reduce the cases of protein energy- malnutrition (PEM) that accounted for average global deaths in children. The pasting and functional properties, proximate and amino acid compositions as well as sensory attributes of the supplemented products were determined and evaluated according to the standard methods. The CS-BPI blends had low setback (1636-1186 RVU) but high peak time (5.14-5.37 min) and pasting temperature (75.30-79.57 °C) when compared with the control sample (100% CS). Although, the functional properties of the blends significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at the elevated BPI inclusion but their water interaction (WAC) and gelatinization temperature increased appropriately. Moreso, the CS-BPI blends had high essential and non-essential (∼2-8 and 3-11 g/100 g protein) but low sulphur-containing amino acids, respectively. Majorly, the carbohydrate (56.56 %) and moisture contents of the control (37.61 %) increased with elevated BPI levels in the supplemented samples (41-53%), which might be attributed to the increase in their WAC (67-91%) when compared to 100% CS (60.83%). Meanwhile, the protein content (∼12%) of the CS-BPI blends is 500-fold higher than 100% CS (2.28%). The increase in the protein contents of the blends observably led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the carbohydrate contents of the blend formulations. The 80% CS + 20% BPI blend was the most acceptable sample when compared to the control sample (100% CS), hence could be useful to combat PEM cases.Item Prevalence of intestinal parasites in newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in Ilorin, Nigeria(2017) Obateru OA; Bojuwoye BJ; Olokoba AB; Fadeyi A; Fowotade A; Olokoba LBBackground Human immune-deficiency virus/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome predisposes to opportunistic parasitic infestations of the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in newly diagnosed treatment naïve HIV/AIDS patients. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2010 to June 2011. Questionnaires were administered to 238 HIV/AIDS subjects, and 238 age and sex-matched controls. CD4+ T cell count was carried out on HIV-positive subjects. Stool samples were examined using direct microscopic and modified Ziehl-Neelsen methods. Positivity of intestinal parasites was taken as the presence of worms, oocyst, cyst, ova or larvae in the stool samples. Results Ninety males and 148 females were studied for the HIV-positive and HIV-negative controls respectively. Intestinal parasitic infestation in HIV-positive subjects was 68.5%, and was significantly higher than in the HIV-negative controls 49.2% (P<0.05). In HIV-positive subjects, Cryptosporidium spp. was the commonest (55.0%) parasite isolated. Others were Cyclospora cayetanensis (41.2%), Isospora belli (3.0%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.4%), Giardia lamblia (3.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.7%), Trichuris trichiura (0.8%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.4%). HIV-positive patients with CD4+ T cell count of less than 200 cells/ul were more at risk of opportunistic parasites compared to the HIV-negative controls. Conclusion The prevalence of intestinal parasites in newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS individuals was high, and its association with CD4+ T cell count was demonstrated. Routine screening for parasitic infestations at diagnosis is indicated to reduce the burden of the disease.Item Prevalence and antibiogram of non-typhoidal salmonella isolates from poultry in Ilorin, Kwara State(2018) Al-Mustapha A; Adetunji V; Ibrahim R; Adesiji Y
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