Faculty of Agriculture

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    BOLDNESS-AGGRESSION SYNDROMES IN THE ZEBRAFISH AND THE GUPPIES
    (European Centre for Research Training and Development UK, 2012-06-22) T. O. Ariyomo, T. Jegede and P. J. Watt
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    Conducting public health surveillance in areas of armed conflict and restricted population access: a qualitative case study of polio surveillance in conflict-affected areas of Borno State, Nigeria.
    (2022-05-07T00:00:00Z) Wiesen, Eric; Dankoli, Raymond; Musa, Melton; Higgins, Jeff; Forbi, Joseph; Idris, Jibrin; Waziri, Ndadilnasiya; Ogunbodede, Oladapo; Mohammed, Kabiru; Bolu, Omotayo; WaNganda, Gatei; Adamu, Usman; Pinsker, Eve
    This study examined the impact of armed conflict on public health surveillance systems, the limitations of traditional surveillance in this context, and innovative strategies to overcome these limitations. A qualitative case study was conducted to examine the factors affecting the functioning of poliovirus surveillance in conflict-affected areas of Borno state, Nigeria using semi-structured interviews of a purposeful sample of participants. The main inhibitors of surveillance were inaccessibility, the destroyed health infrastructure, and the destroyed communication network. These three challenges created a situation in which the traditional polio surveillance system could not function. Three strategies to overcome these challenges were viewed by respondents as the most impactful. First, local community informants were recruited to conduct surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis in children in the inaccessible areas. Second, the informants engaged in local-level negotiation with the insurgency groups to bring children with paralysis to accessible areas for investigation and sample collection. Third, GIS technology was used to track the places reached for surveillance and vaccination and to estimate the size and location of the inaccessible population. A modified monitoring system tracked tailored indicators including the number of places reached for surveillance and the number of acute flaccid paralysis cases detected and investigated, and utilized GIS technology to map the reach of the program. The surveillance strategies used in Borno were successful in increasing surveillance sensitivity in an area of protracted conflict and inaccessibility. This approach and some of the specific strategies may be useful in other areas of armed conflict.
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    Effects of sex and size on boldness and aggression in the zebrafish and the guppy
    (2020) Ariyomo, Tolulope Omolayo
    In this study, we tested the differences in boldness and aggression in relation to sex and size in three strains of zebrafish (London Wild Type (LWT), Tupfel Long fin (TL) and Nacre) and a population of guppies. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of sex and size on boldness and aggressiveness in the zebrafish and the guppies. The open field test was used to test for boldness while the mirror test was used to test for aggression. Twenty five males and 25 females of each of the zebrafish strains (LWT, TL and Nacre) and 25 male and 25 female guppies were used in this study. Our results showed that boldness and aggression varied between individuals and that these traits were associated with sex in some populations and not all. The LWT males and the Nacre males were bolder than the females of the same strain (p = 0.001 and p<0.001 respectively) but there was no significant difference in boldness between the TL males and females (p = 0.980). There was no significant difference between LWT males and females and TL males and females (p = 0.999 and p = 0.885) in aggression. However, Nacre males were significantly more aggressive than Nacre females (p<0.001). In the guppies, the males were bolder than the females (p <0.001) but there was no significant difference in aggression between the male guppies and the female guppies (p = 0.062). Our results showed that boldness and aggression varied between individuals and that these traits were associated with size in some populations and not all. In the TL females, smaller females were bolder than larger females (p = 0.012). However, size did not have any influence on boldness in the Nacre females, the Nacre males, the LWT females, the LWT males and the TL males (p = 0.381, p = 0.267, p = 0.183, p = 0.249 and p = 0.229 respectively). In the TL females, smaller females were more aggressive than larger females (p = 0.026) but there was no correlation between length and aggression in the males and females of any of the other strains of zebrafish (p>0.05). Furthermore, in the guppies, size did not have any effect on boldness or aggression (p = 0.089 and p = 0.660 respectively). The variation in the effect of sex and size on boldness and aggression reported here may be due to factors, such as metabolic requirements, hormonal differences, and differences in the reproductive roles of both sexes of the population tested.
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    Trough plasma nevirapine levels, immunologic and virologic responses in composite CYP2B6*6/*18 HIV-infected adult Nigerian patients.
    (2022-07-01T00:00:00Z) Abdullahi, Sa'ad T; Soyinka, Julius O; Bolarinwa, Rahman A; Olarewaju, Olusola J; Salami, Alakija K; Bakare-Odunola, Moji T
    The influence of composite CYP2B6*6/*18 genotype on trough plasma nevirapine levels, HIV RNA levels (virologic response) and CD4+ T lymphocyte and absolute lymphocyte counts (immunologic response) of HIV-infected patients were evaluated. Patients with records of trough plasma nevirapine levels, CD4+ T lymphocyte, absolute lymphocyte and viral load counts at baseline and months 6 and 12 after initiation of nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy combinations were retrospectively analysed. Participants were from a cohort of 150 patients previously genotyped and with measured plasma nevirapine levels. Relationship between genotype and nevirapine levels, absolute lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and viral load were explored. Composite CYP2B6*6/*18 genotype was significantly associated with trough plasma nevirapine levels (geometric mean [standard deviation]: 4482 ng/ml [1349] of normal metabolizers vs. 4632 ng/ml [1793] of intermediate metabolizers vs. 6229 ng/ml [2549] of poor metabolizers; P < 0.001), but not the plasma HIV RNA levels, absolute lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. Overall, immunologic response showed improvement with approximately 61.3% and 70.4% of patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte count >350 cells/mm at months 6 and 12 therapy duration respectively compared to 23.1% at baseline. Composite CYP2B6*6/*18 genotype correlated with plasma nevirapine levels but not immunologic and virologic responses.