University of Ilorin

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Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of aqueous extract of Parquetina nigrescens in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats
(2021) Ojuade FI; Olorundare OE; Akanbi OB; Afolabi SO; Njan AA
Background Parquetina nigrescens is among the evergreen plants native to West Africa. It is used in the management of various ailments including anemia, fever, asthma and diabetes. This study evaluated the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Parquetina nigrescens in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Methods Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced in overnight fasted rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), followed by the administration of nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) after an interval of 15 min. Diabetic rats were orally administered with; 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of aqueous extract of Parquetina nigrescens (AEPN), metformin (180 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (1 mg/kg) for two weeks. The effect of treatments on fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, homa-ir, lipid profile, body weight, pancreatic antioxidants parameters, hepatic glycogen content, glucose-6-phosphate activity, α-amylase inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition, lipase inhibition and histology of the organs were evaluated. Results Data from this study showed that treatment with AEPN produced a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose, glucose-6-phosphatase activity, serum lipase, total triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoprotein, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, pancreatic α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase activities. Treatment with AEPN also produced a significant (p < 0.05) increase in; glucose tolerance, glycogen content, leptin, adiponectin and pancreatic antioxidants (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and high-density lipoproteins). The histology of the organ showed regeneration of the pancreatic tissue after treatment with AEPN. Conclusions This study showed that AEPN exhibited antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats.
Antidiarheal activity of catechol and ethyl 5, 8,11,14,17 – icosapentanoate-rich fraction of Annona senegalensis stem bark
(2022) Ahmed MU; Arise RO; Umaru IJ; Mohammed A
Background and aim Secretory diarrhea is the most common type of diarrhea. This study aimed at exploring the possible mechanism of antisecretory action of Annona senegalensis stem bark and to identify the bioactive compounds. Experimental procedure The ability of three crude extract; aqueous, dichloromethane and hexane stem bark extracts to inhibit castor oil-induced stooling in albino rats were assessed. Bioactivity guided fractionation of the most active extract was done using solvent-solvent partitioning (with hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate) and column chromatography. In vitro antioxidant activity of the most active sub-fraction was done using standard methods. The most active sub-fraction (25 mg/kg b. wt.) was administered to castor oil-induced diarrheal rats. Diarrheal rats small intestinal malondialdehyde concentration, antioxidant enzyme, cyclooxygenase II and Na+- K+ ATPase activities were determined using standard procedures. GC-MS analysis was done to identify the chemical compounds in the sub-fraction. Result and conclusion Aqueous extract significantly decreased the number of wet stools. Sub-fraction 1 of ethylacetate fraction of aqueous stem bark extract (EFAS1) showed the highest stool inhibition. The H2O2 scavenging activity of EFAS1 was significantly greater than ascorbic acid. The sub-fraction significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activity of catalase and Na+- K+ ATPase activities but significantly decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde and cyclooxygenase II activity. GC-MS analysis revealed that EFAS1 is rich in catechol, n-hexadecanoic acid and ethyl-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentanoate. The sub-fraction exerts its antisecretory activity by its antioxidative, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and stimulation of Na+- K+ ATPase properties due to the presence of catechol, n-hexedecanoic acid and ethyl-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentanoate.
Antimicrobial Resistance and One Health in the Post COVID-19 Era: What should Health Students Learn?
(2022) Elmahi OK; Uakkas S; Olalekan BY; Damilola IA; Adedeji OJ; Ahmad S; Essar MY
Purpose Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical worldwide health issue that jeopardizes our ability to fight illnesses. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the problem, which was largely caused by irrational off-label use of antivirals, anthelmintics, antimalarials, and, most notably, macrolide antibiotics. The One Health Approach is progressively becoming the most widely utilized in the fight against AMR. Our aim is to address the lack of teachings in AMR and the One Health Approach in health student curricula, as well as to provide recommendations that can be implemented as we progress beyond the COVID-19 era. Methods & Materials We conducted a literature review to identify the status of AMR and One Health education in health curriculum over the world while analysing the relevance and urgency of the topic within the COVID-19 era. Results We identified multiple gaps and discrepancies in AMR and One Health education that could be attributed to multiple reasons including the absence of a formal curriculum on the topics, and lack of interprofessional educational practices. The development and implementation of AMR and One Health topics in the school curriculum is important in equipping future health professionals to fully combat AMR in their respective fields. It can also therefore be encouraged that institutions synergize to share knowledge on useful ways of training healthcare students in addition to meaningful ways to communicate AMR concerns with patients and the public. Various teaching modalities could influence the outcome of antimicrobial prescribing practices. These could be improved by a re-evaluation of problem-based learning strategies, enhancing content and conduction of virtual learning platforms and development of a standardized curriculum on antimicrobial resistance. Interprofessional education and team-based learning can also be a facilitator to familiarize students with the One Health concept. Conclusion Today's health professionals need to provide mentorship and teaching for students on AMR and One Health. This will aid to develop today's young professionals and future health professionals with the necessary skills to prevent and tackle the spread of AMR with appreciation and knowledge of the One Health Approach.
Assessment of anthropogenic activities impacts on the water quality of Asa river: A case study of Amilengbe area, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria
(2022) Solihu H; Bilewu SO
ABSTRACT The study assessed the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of the Asa River within the case study area and the probable use of this river for agricultural purposes by estimating the Water Quality Index (WQI). Two sampling points were selected namely; upstream (A) and downstream (B). A total number of sixteen (16) samples were taken for four months (i.e two samples per month per sampling point). Temperatures were measured in-situ while other physicochemical and microbial parameters tests were conducted in the laboratory. The errors arising from environmental conditions were minimized by conducting the tests as soon as the samples were collected and the results were analyzed using both the descriptive and the inferential statistics (Pearson Correlation) on both Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. This study has revealed that the Asa River within the study area is polluted as a result of the impacts of the anthropogenic activities when the results of the analyzed water quality parameters downstream are significantly (p < 0.05, at a 95% confidence interval) higher than at the upstream except for pH, DO, BOD, and EC which are relatively higher at the upstream although the study indicated that the results were within the recommendations. This study recommends that the anthropogenic activities within this area be monitored as the urbanizations are rapidly taking place and the effects are polluting the water which is making it harmful not only to the ecosystems but also making unfit for possible drinking at the downstream. Also, the study has concluded that the changes in the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) 2016 – 2020 have no statistically significant effects on the physicochemical and microbial water quality of the Asa River. Therefore, as investigated by estimating the WQI, in its current form, the Asa River is fit for agricultural purposes (irrigation farming). However, this study recommended the treatment of this water before drinking as the water in its present form is unfit for drinking.
Assessment of metallic pollution status of surface water and aquatic macrophytes of earthen dams in Ilorin, north-central of Nigeria as indicators of environmental health
(2016) Ogunkunle CO; Mustapha K; Oyedeji S; Fatoba PO
The functional quality of an aquatic ecosystem is a reflection of the health of the environment. Therefore, the present study evaluates the trace metal contamination (Pb, Cd, Ni and Mn) of water and aquatic macrophytes in Asa, Agba, Unilorin and Sobi (Moro) earthen dams, north-central Nigeria to evaluate the level of anthropogenic impact on the immediate environment. The concentrations of trace metals in samples of water and available macrophytes from the earthen dams were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Trace metal contamination of surface water in the earthen dams was assessed using metal index (MPI) and metal pollution index (HPI). The biological accumulation factor of trace metals in the aquatic macrophytes was extrapolated from trace metal concentrations in the water and macrophyte samples. The results of the MPI revealed gross metal contamination of the surface water by Pb and Cd (>6.0 for both metals) in the four earthen dams; while Agba and Sobi dams were slightly contaminated by Ni (MPIs=1.43 and 1.14 respectively). All the earthen dams were considered safe from Mn contamination (MPI100), but Asa dam (HPI=2682.4) was the most contaminated. The biological accumulation factor of Mn in the macrophytes indicated Ceratophyllum demersum, Pycreus lanceolatus and Pistia stratiotes as moderate accumulators of Mn, and can be used as bioindicators in monitoring Mn pollution of aquatic ecosystem. The obtained results in this study showed that the earthen dams are polluted by Pb, Cd and Ni which pose human health risks to the inhabitants through drinking water.
Breast cancer patients in Nigeria: Data exploration approach
(2017) Oguntunde PE; Adejumo AO; Okagbue HI
Breast cancer is the type of cancer that develops from breast tissue; it is mostly common in women and it is one of the most studied diseases, largely because of its high mortality (second to lung cancer). However, it occurs in males also. This article presents a statistical study of the distribution of age, gender, length of stay, mode of diagnosis, status (dead or alive) after treatment and the location of breast cancer among 300 patients admitted in the University of Ilorin teaching hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. The study covers a period of five (5) years; from 2011 to 2016 and logistic regression was used to perform the basic analysis in this study. It was discovered that the age of patients and the location of the breast cancer (right or left) contributes significantly to the survival of the patients. However, early detection and treatment of the disease is highly encouraged. This study also recommends that awareness should be taken to the grassroots and males should not be excluded from this discussion.
Burden and spectrum of paediatric respiratory diseases at a referral hospital in North-Central Nigeria - A five year review
(2020) Ibraheem RM; Aderemi JA; Abdulkadir MB; Johnson WB
Introduction Globally respiratory diseases, comprising a broad range of disease conditions due to infectious and non-infectious causes, are a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Thus, identification of the burden of respiratory illness will ensure appropriate interventions towards reducing its attendant morbidity and mortality. The study was conducted to identify the burden, spectrum and outcome of respiratory diseases in hospitalized children at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, North-Central Nigeria. Methods A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study involving children admitted through the emergency paediatric unit over five years (January 2013-December 2017) was conducted. Data on demography, diagnosis, co-morbidities and complications, duration of admission, and outcome were collected and analyzed using SPSS 20. Results Of the total 7012 children admitted, 1939(27.7%) were due to respiratory diseases with a median age of 16 (interquartile range IQR 7-36) months. Males were 994(51.3%) and 945(48.7%) females. Infectious diseases were the most common cause of admission. Pneumonia (50.1%) and aspiration pneumonitis (5.1%) accounted for the highest admissions due to infective and non-infective respiratory diseases respectively. Overall, respiratory diseases accounted for 20.7% (119/574) of the overall mortality among all admissions while the all-respiratory disease mortality was 6.1% (119/1939). The major contributors to mortality were pneumonia, aspiration pneumonitis and tuberculosis accounting for 81(68.1%), 12(10.1%) and nine (7.6%) deaths respectively. The median duration of hospital stay was four days [IQR: 2 to 6 days]. A significantly higher proportion of the deaths occurred with four days of admission and 82.4% of the deaths occurred among those aged less than five years. A higher number of females (70, 58.8%) died compared to males (49, 41.2%), p=0.05. Conclusion Pneumonia and aspiration pneumonitis are major contributors to morbidity and mortality due to respiratory diseases for which interventions towards improving childhood health indices should be prioritized.
Chemical composition of wet precipitation in ambient environment of Ilorin, north central Nigeria
(2014) Abdus-Salam N; Adekola FA; Otuyo-Ibrahim M
The physico-chemical quality of rainwater in the atmospheric environment of Ilorin in the north central Nigeria has been evaluated. Rainwater samples were collected at every rainy day between March and October 2008. Samples were analysed for pH value, conductivity and water-soluble cations and anions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, and Cl−. The average monthly pH ranged between 6.6 and 7.4 with the highest value recorded during the early months of precipitation while the average annual pH value ranged between 6.68 and 7.04. The average annual conductivity ranged between 108.8μScm−1 and 219.6μScm−1 with the highest and lowest values recorded at highly urbanized areas and a low density residential area. High levels of Ca2+ and NO3- ions were observed and together constituted 55% of the total ion mass. Ca2+ ion is crustal element and it alone contributed 56% to the total cations while NO3- a by-product of atmospheric oxidation of particulate from fossil fuel combustion constituted 53% of total anions measured. Generally speaking, the ionic abundance in precipitation (μgL−1) showed the general trend: NO3->Cl−> SO42-> PO43- for anions and Ca2+>K+>Na+>Fe2+>Mg2+>Pb2+ for cations. The average annual SO42- concentration ranges between 12.9 and 27.6μgL−1 while the cumulative average for Ilorin was 17.3μgL−1. The statistical analysis of physico-chemical parameters revealed a strong correlation (p<0.01 and p<0.05) among some sites which was an indication of a common source of inputs of these parameters. Results of the present study suggested that both natural and anthropogenic inputs influence the changes of chemical compositions that occurred during the wet precipitation.
COMMERCIALISATION OF UNDER-UTILISED EDIBLE INSECTS IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
(2020) GODWIN, Rosemary
Under-utilised edible insects’ species have enormous potentials for entrepreneurial opportunities in Nigeria. In addition, they provide an essential component of human diet for sustainable livelihood. xii Formulating sound policies on harnessing the full potentials of under-utilised edible insects requires a deep knowledge of their current commercialisation level. This study examined the extent of commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects in Benue State. The objectives of the study were to: (i) enumerate under-utilised edible insects harvested by the rural households in the study area; (ii) determine the level of commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects among rural households; (iii) examine factors affecting the extent of commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects; (iv) evaluate the returns generated from the commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects; and (v) determine the contribution of commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects to the livelihood status of rural households. The study was a cross sectional survey using two-stage sampling procedure. Primary data were obtained from 156 rural households that were involved in the commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects in Benue State. The data collection using a structured interview schedule started in August, 2018 and ended in May, 2019. First stage of the sampling procedure involved the purposive selection of 5% out of the 368 rural communities in Benue State. The second stage involved a snowball sampling of rural households. Household Commercialisation Index, descriptive statistics, Tobit regression model, marketing margin and Ordinary Least Square regression model were employed to analyse the data. The findings of the study were that: (i) the proportion of crickets, termites, caterpillars, grasshoppers and palm weevils harvested by the rural households in the study area were 30.13%, 44.87%, 12.18%, 5.13% and 7.13%, respectively; (ii) the majority (81%) of the rural households commercialised most of the under-utilised edible insects harvested at 85.19%, 81.89%, 81.60%, 85.12%, and 85.92% extent of commercialisation for cricket, termite, caterpillar, grasshopper and palm weevil respectively; (iii) the factors affecting the extent of the commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects using Tobit regression model were gender (p = 0.1), marital status (p = 0.05), years of schooling of household head (p = 0.1), annual income (p = 0.01), and household size (p = 0.01); (iv) a total of 138 kg of crickets, 104 kg of termites, 102 kg of caterpillars, 103 kg of grasshoppers and 122 kg of palm weevils were commercialised with the net returns of ₦47,931.00, ₦41,106.00, ₦40,461.00, ₦42,063.00 and ₦44,917.00 per season respectively; and (v) commercialisation of under-utilised edible insects significantly enhanced the livelihood status of the rural households (R2 = 67.4%). Other significant variables of the Ordinary Least Square regression result were primary occupation of the household head (p = 0.1), distance of home to nearest village market (p = 0.05), and amount of credit received by the household head (p = 0.05). The study concluded that commercialisation of harvested under-utilised edible insects has positive impact on the livelihood status of the rural households in the study area. The study recommended that farmers be encouraged to commercialise more of these under-utilised edible insect.
COMPETENCY NEEDS OF EXTENSION AGENTS FOR EFFECTIVE JOB PERFORMANCE IN THE SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
(2017) UZOECHI, RICHARD ONYEKACHI
Agricultural productions as well as farmers’ productivity anywhere in the world are largely dependent on a functional agricultural extension service. However, the agricultural extension agencies in Nigeria are faced by a number of problems including poor training of extension personnel which consequently makes extension service delivery to be rather ineffective. This study therefore determined the competency needs of Extension Agents (EAs) for effective job performance in the South Eastern Nigeria. The objectives were to: (i) describe the socio-economic characteristics of agricultural extension agents; (ii) investigate the level of competencies of extension agents; (iii) determine the 12 effective educational delivery method to develop competencies; (iv) determine the level of job performance of extension agents; and (v) identify the constraints to the acquisition of needed competencies by the EAs. A simple random sampling procedure was used to select 70% of the total numbers of EAs (442) from each state to give a total sample size of 308 respondents. However, 283 copies of the questionnaire were found suitable for use in the analysis. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire; a self rating scale was used to rate competency levels of extension agents while respondent’s job performance levels were rated by their immediate supervisors. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean ratings, and standard deviations. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis was used to determine relationship between competencies of extension agents on job performance. The findings of the study were that: i. majority of the respondents were married (83.4%), 46.3% were within the age bracket of 41-50 years of age, female (53.7%), all literate (100%); ii. respondents possessed high level of competency in programme planning(𝑥=3.59), teaching/communication(𝑥=3.56), evaluation(𝑥=3.55), leadership(𝑥=3.43) human relations competency (𝑥=3.38), and technical/subject matter expertise competency (𝑥=3.48) but low in computer knowledge and skills (𝑥=1.63); iii. training workshops in small groups (49.8%), large groups (30.9%), and printed and electronic learning materials (12.3%) were the most effective educational delivery methods to acquire desired competencies; iv. majority of the respondents (66.8%) had moderate level of job performance, 22.2% had high level, while 11.0% had low level; v. lack of funding (𝑥=4.05) was identified as the most important constraint for acquiring competencies, while lack of credible information (𝑥=3.38) was the least; and vi. result of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis showed that: subject matter/technical expertise (t =1.963, p = 0.045), programme evaluation (t =9.232, p = 0.001), and computer knowledge and skills (t =2.058, p = 0.041) had significant effect for effective job performance, while programme planning (t=.926, p= .355) and teaching methods (t= 1.769, p=.078) were not significant. The study concluded that subject matter/technical expertise, computer knowledge and skills, and program evaluation were competency needs for effective job performance of EAs. Other areas of competency such as programme planning and teaching methods were not highly required. The study therefore recommended that training for extension agents in the study area should focus on, subject matter/technical expertise, computer knowledge and skills, and programme evaluation competencies.
Consumer awareness, proximate composition, and sensory properties of processed African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus) thigh meat
(2019) Oyeyinka SA; Alabi-Ogundepo T; Babayeju AA; Joseph JK
This study investigated the knowledge of consumption of giant rat meat within the University of Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria and further determined the effect of processing methods on the most preferred meat part (thigh meat). After the survey, two male and female giant rats each were obtained from a farm and slaughtered according to standard method. A 2 × 2 design was used to obtain four samples. The male rats were boiled and then divided into two portions. One portion was deep-fat fried and the other grilled to produce. The same process was employed for the female samples. Proximate composition and sensory properties of the processed thigh meat was also assessed. Majority of the respondents (27) prefer the hind limb (thigh) of the giant rat compared to the head (3), ribs and stomach area (5) and the fore limbs (8). The proximate composition of the raw giant rat meat were not affected by the sex, since the values were very similar. Protein is the major nutrients in the meat (approx. 24%), while fats, ash, fibre and carbohydrate were very low. Frying and grilling resulted in significant reduction in the proximate composition of the meat. Grilling showed slightly higher protein contents (approx. 22%) than the fried samples (approx. 18%). In general, there was no significant (p ≤ .05) difference in the sensory properties of the processed meat. The low fat content of the giant rat meat is advantageous for adults and people suffering from fat related diseases. In conclusion, giant rat meat is popular among students and staff of the University of Ilorin, but its low consumption pattern is due to the limited amount raised or within the University environs.
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND SOCIAL MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES ON UPTAKE OF CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION IN IJEBU-NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(2018) LAWAL, Abiodun Sebioniga
The use of social mobilization (SM) as a process of engaging and motivating parents for utilization of immunization services has attracted much global attention. The time spent on dissemination of information using mass media showed that not much has been done to reinforce public perception of immunization as a social norm, hence, the widely reported persistent and low immunization coverage. The associating factors that can complement the process and also influence preference for particular approaches by parents need to be determined in order to reinforce such methods. The objectives of the study were to: (i) identify demographic factors for uptake of childhood immunization; (ii) assess the knowledge of respondents on SM strategies towards childhood immunization; (iii) determine the attitude of respondents towards social mobilization strategies (iv) identify SM strategies adopted by respondents; and (v) identify factors influencing SM in Ijebu-North Ogun State, Nigeria. Cross Sectional descriptive design was adopted. Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 600 respondents with children less than two years of age. Data were collected with a researcher-designed questionnaire on a 4point Likert scale and was validated by the supervisor and two other experts. A reliability coefficient 0.82 was obtained through a testretest method using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Statistical package for Social Sciences was the tool adopted for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the demographic data while inferential statistics of Chi-square was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study were that: i. demographic factors of respondents were significantly associated with SM and uptake of immunization services (p<0.05). Respondents with higher income and residents of close proximity had increased odds of obtaining information and uptake of immunization services than those in farther locations; ii. knowledge of respondents on SM and immunization services was not significant (p< 0.148). Only (58%) of respondents with good knowledge had children with fully immunized status, while 69% of others with good knowledge had children with partially immunized status; iii. good knowledge of SM strategies in the LGA influenced positive attitude towards immunization uptake among 61% of the recipients; iv. health care workers are the most preferred source of knowledge and information. Eighty percent of respondents reported positive interaction during immunization uptake; and v. respondents who interacted through radio, town announcers and house to house contacts have increased probability of being motivated to adopt immunization services five times more than respondents who did not benefit from the other media contacts. The study concluded that SM greatly influenced uptake of immunization while good knowledge from health care workers was positively associated with attitude of parents who are using immunization services in Ijebu North LGA. It is therefore recommended that SM should be conducted in close proximity to residential areas and workplaces using many media for contact with potential users of immunization services.
Design of Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Power Supply to Isolated-grid Communities in North Central, Nigeria
(2019) Ohijeagbon OD; Oluseyi A; Waheed O; Adekojo M; Salawu EY; Oyawale FA
The study analyzed the feasibility and techno-economic viability of renewable electricity generation from wind and solar standalone systems, and as hybrid facilities in six states across North-central, Nigeria. 24 years’ daily solar and wind data were sourced from the Nigeria Meteorological Department, Oshodi. The dataset was analyzed and employed to design an alternative RE power supply system as a test case for university communities with an equivalent consumption of 28.9 MWh/day. The electricity load demand adopted was based on an audit of electricity generation conducted for the University of Lagos main campus. The supply architecture adopted in this study excludes the use of heavy equipment or machinery loads and only caters for the institutions’ base loads. An evaluation of the design that will optimally match the daily load demand of the communities with LOLP ranging from 1 to 50% was undertaken. HOMER software was employed as the optimisation tool together with other statistical and analytical variations to determine best design for the sites with diesel standalone facility taken as the base system. The outcome showed that hybrid generation system fared better than the standalone PV or Wind energy system at Abuja, Ilorin, Lokoja and Makurdi, while the wind standalone system was the optimal generation technology at Minna and Jos. Further to this, values of the levelized cost of energy showed that adopting wind resources (as standalone or in hybrid format with PV) for power generation at the sites/institutions at Minna and Jos, is more viable than the use of diesel generators.
Development and characterization of microstructural and mechanical properties of hybrid polystyrene composites filled with kaolin and expanded polyethylene powder
(2022) Adeniyi AG; Abdulkareem SA; Emenike EC; Abdulkareem MT; Iwuozor KO; Amoloye MA; Ahmed II; Awokunle OE
This study investigated the microstructural and mechanical properties of hybrid composites developed by the reinforcement of solvated polystyrene with expanded polyethylene powder and kaolin. The hybridized composites were synthesized using hand layup and cold mixing methods, and cured at room temperature for 3 days. The characterization was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), while the mechanical characteristics of the developed composites were evaluated by the Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 standard. It was observed that an increase in kaolin content, at the expense of the polyethylene powder, increases the hardness strength of the composites, with the hardest composite (96.3 HRB) being obtained at a 25% kaolin mixer. The FTIR results revealed the presence of various functional groups, while the SEM analysis showed that the smoothness of the composite's surfaces increases with increase in kaolin content. The EDS analysis revealed the presence of several elements, mostly from the kaolin filler, suggesting the reason for its high density impacted on the kaolin/polyethylene filler composites. The importance of the study is the conversion of more than one solid waste into new and useful products.
Development of an Advanced Public Transportation System for captive commuters on urban arterials in Ilorin, Nigeria
(2013) Adeleke OO; Jimoh YA; Akinpelu MA
The study developed an Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) software package that serves as an intelligent movement system for captive commuters. Although a typical APTS has an Automated Trip Scheduling System (ATSS), a Digital Geographic Database (DGD), and an Automated Vehicle Location Equipment (AVLE) as subsystems, the fact that vehicles in the study area are not equipped with AVLE made the authors to design for an APTS that has only the ATSS and DGD components. The ATSS subsystem has the specific objectives of reducing commuters waiting time at bus terminals, automating trip booking thus assuring a passenger of the availability of a bus and also keeps an inventory of passengers and trips made by commuters and the vehicles. The DGD allows maps of the service area to be displayed to the scheduler/operator and the commuters/clients on computer screen. The Ilorin metropolis a typical urban center in Nigeria, a developing economy, is used as the study area. Nigeria stands to benefit from ITS potentials if the developed package is put to use by urban transit operators.
EFFECT OF CONNECT POTATO VARIETY ON FARM PRODUCTIVITY IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
(2020) OJEDIRAN, Ezekiel Olamide
In a bid to overcome the challenge of potato blight disease that has greatly lowered potato productivity in Nigeria, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) project in collaboration with the National Root Crops Research Institute, introduced the Connect potato variety. The Connect potato variety is high yielding, blight resistant with a large tuber size and highly palatable. However, there is dearth of information on whether it has had any impact on potato farming or not. This study therefore examined the effect of the Connect potato variety on farm productivity in Plateau State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to: (i) estimate the level of usage of the Connect potato variety; (ii) identify the factors affecting the usage of the variety; (iii) compare the level of farm productivity of the two categories of farmers; (iv) compare the production efficiency of Connect potato variety with the local variety; (v) estimate the costs and return to potato production between the Connect users and non-users; and (vi) determine the effect of the Connect potato usage on farm productivity. The target population was potato farmers in the state. A two-stage sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 302 respondents from a total population of 10,213 potato farmers in the eight producing Local Government Areas. From the selected 302 respondents, 74 of them were users of the Connect variety while 228 were non-users. Cross-sectional data was used and were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. The statistical tools used for analysis were Heckman selection model, stochastic frontier model, total factor productivity index, gross margin analysis and the propensity score matching. The findings of the study were that: i. the average quantity of Connect potato variety planted by the users was 1485kg/ha which is low when compared to the required 3000kg per hectare; ii. the amount of credit (t-value = 3.39; p < 0.01), Connect seed price (t-value = 1.69; p < 0.1), membership of association (t-value = 1.91; p < 0.05), off-farm income (t-value = 1.66; p < 0.1), perception of variety’s relative importance (t-value = 2.33; p < 0.05) and availability (tvalue = 8.67; p < 0.01) were the factors affecting the usage of Connect potato variety; iii. the Connect users had a significantly (t-stat = 2.37; p < 0.05) higher total factor productivity index (4.94) than the non-users (3.92); iv. the mean technical efficiency of the Connect users (88%) was significantly higher than that of the non-users (77%) (t-stat = 4.516; p < 0.01); v. the profitability estimates showed that the users and non-users have a gross margin of ₦1,869,122.1 and ₦722,040.79 per hectare, respectively; and vi. the users were better off in productivity by 1.09 units (t-stat = 2.00; p < 0.05); technical efficiency by 12% (t-stat = 4.16; p < 0.01) and returns on capital invested by ₦1.34 (t-stat = 3.86; p < 0.01). The study concluded that the use of Connect potato variety improved the productivity of potato farms and therefore recommended that farmers be encouraged to adopt the variety through effective sensitization programmes by the Ministry of Agriculture and other relevant agencies.
Effect of Farmer Field School Training on Cowpea Production among Small Scale Farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria
(2018)
Nigeria being considered as the largest producer of cowpea in the world, still has the majority of small- scale cowpea farmers producing below the expected yield per hectare. Relevant agricultural training for these small-scale farmers on new technologies and management practices using group-based approach like Farmer Field School (FFS), may assist in improving the farmers’ level of production. The study therefore, assessed the effect of farmer field school training on cowpea production among small-scale farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria. The objectives were to: (i) examine the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers; (ii) examine participants perception of the relevance of FFS training;(iii) determine the factors influencing small-scale farmers participation in FFS training; (iv) determine the effect of FFS training on cowpea production on FFS and non-FFS participants; (v) examine economic status of FFS and non-FFS participants vi compare the income of FFS and non-participants (vii) identify the constraints faced by FFS farmers. A four-stage sampling technique was used to select 288 respondents. First stage involved a purposive selection from the list of FFS sites in each agro-ecological zone. Second stage involved a random selection of 1 local government area in each zone selected. Third stage involved random selection of 4 FFS participating communities. Fourth stage involved random selection of 30% of cowpea farmers (480) to give sample size of 144 participants. Same procedure was used to select 144 non-FFS participants. Data were collected using questionnaire, while descriptive statistics and probit regression were employed for analysis. The finding of the study were that: i. majority of the participants were male (81.9%), married (77.8%), mean age (41years, farming experience (18.5years), and average farm size (1.6/hectares). Similarly, majority of the non-participants were male (81.2%), married (79.2%), mean age (44.8years), farming experience (15.3 years) and average farm size (1.30/hectares); ii. the participants perceived training received on cowpea production as relevant-land preparation techniques(𝑋̅𝑤=3.59),recommended spacing (𝑋̅𝑤 =3.50), time of planting and method of pests and diseases control ( 𝑋̅𝑤 = 3.39). 20 iii. the variables that significantly influenced participation in the training were age (p<0.05), household size (p<0.10), extension contact (p<0.01), credit access (p<0.0.05), farm size (p<0.01), cowpea farm size (p<0.01) and cooperative membership (p<0.01); iv. the training increased the yield of participants by 100.50kg/hectare above their counterparts. v. higher proportion (47.2%) of the participants were in middle economic status while half (50.0%) of the non-participants were in low economic status; vi. the mean income of the participants (N 180,277.78) was significantly higher than that of non-participants (p<0.05) and vii. the major constraints experienced by the participants in the programme were inadequate capital (𝑋̅𝑤 =3.47) and higher cost of (𝑋̅𝑤 =3.54). The study concluded that FFS training had significant effect on the participants’ cowpea yields, on-farm income and common items of economic value. The study therefore recommended that FFS programme should be extended to non-participating LGAs in Kebbi State, this will help in attaining self-sufficiency in cowpea production in the state and Nigeria in general.
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF WATER LEAF (Talinum triangulare) EXTRACT ON OXDATIVE STABILITY OF BROILER MEAT
(2013) ZUBAIR JAMIU IBRAHIM
Antioxidant effect of graded levels of Talinum triangulare (Waterleaf) extract on cooked and raw broiler meat was evaluated and compared with Butylated Hydroxyl Anisole (BHA), a synthetic antioxidant, using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay. The minced broiler meat was weighed into five samples of 700g each. The treatments consist of a control without additive; waterleaf extract was separately added at a rate of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of the weight of the minced meat, while BHA was added at a rate of 0.01%. Each sample was divided into 56 parts of 12.5g each. Twenty eight of these were cooked in microwave oven over 1minute, 30 seconds, while the other twenty eight samples were left raw. Both cooked and raw samples were stored in a refrigerator for 14days at a temperature of 4°c.Oxidative stability of the cooked and raw samples was monitored at 2-day intervals. The result shows that no levels of waterleaf extract were able to reduce lipid oxidation in both raw and cooked meat samples. This was shown by their higher TBARS values which were significantly different. BHA was able to reduce lipid oxidation in both cooked and raw meat samples. However, its antioxidant potency was well expressed in raw meat samples. Talinum triangulare (waterleaf) extract should not be considered as 12 the possible source of natural antioxidant in the prevention of broiler meat against lipid oxidation under refrigeration storage. Key words: Antioxidant, Waterleaf, Butylated Hydroxyl Anisole (BHA), Thiobarbituric Acids (TBA), broiler meat.
Estimation of power generation from municipal solid wastes: A case Study of Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria
(2019) Ibikunle RA; Titiladunayo IF; Akinnuli BO; Dahunsi SO; Olayanju TM
In this study, attempt was made to estimate the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated per annum, the generation rate in kg/capita/day as well as the quantity and the fractions of the waste streams available for energy production. The physical characterization of the waste streams into fractions was conducted. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the waste fractions were performed. Heating values of the waste streams was determined experimentally using a bomb calorimeter. It was concluded that 1% increase in carbon and sulphur will increase heating value by 79.08% and 10.83% respectively while 1% increase in hydrogen and nitrogen decrease heating value by 30.2% and 619.1% respectively. The energy potential (EPMSW) of the MSW based on the energy content of 584 tons/day MSW, is about 3,244,444 kWh or 3,244 MWh, Electrical Power (EPPMSW) of about 40555 kW or 41 MW and Power to Grid of 27 MW.
Evaluation of obstetric outcomes for women in commuter versus non-commuter marriages: A comparative study
(2022) Adeniran AS; Fawole AA; Filani ST; Adesina KT; Alatishe-Muhammad BW; Aboyeji AP
Objectives The study aims to determine obstetric outcomes for women in commuter marriages (CoMs) compared to women in non-CoMs, as well as the influence of living-in-companions on the obstetric outcomes. Methods A prospective, multicentre, comparative study was conducted among antenatal clinic attendees in CoMs (160 women) and non-CoMs (160 women). Following consent, participants were recruited and monitored from antenatal booking until six weeks postpartum. The primary outcome measure was the obstetric outcomes (miscarriages, antenatal illness-associated hospital admissions, gestational ages at delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, and birth weights), while the secondary outcome measure was the influence of living-in-companions on the obstetric outcomes, which was measured by comparing the outcomes in women with those without living-in-companions. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square and t-tests, as applicable; a p < 0.05 was significant. Results The commuting partners were males in the majority (n = 151; 94.4%), due to work-transfer (n = 76; 47.5%) or new employment (n = 60; 37.5%). There was a statistically significant association between CoM and delay before index pregnancy (n = 27 vs. 15; p = 0.047), higher mean gestational age at booking (22.2 ± 7.70 years vs. 19.9 ± 6.93 years; p = 0.005), higher antenatal illness-associated hospital admission (n = 39 vs. 19; p = 0.004), preterm delivery (33.8% vs. 6.9%; p = 0.001), and low birth weight (16.3% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.001). The mean gestational age at delivery (35.1 ± 2.53 years vs. 38.0 ± 2.38 years, p = 0.001) and birth weight (2445 ± 749 vs. 3146 ± 1646 g, p = 0.043) were lower and statistically significant among women in CoMs without than among those with living-in-companions. Conclusion CoM was associated with adverse obstetric outcomes; however, living-in-companions appeared to ameliorate these adverse outcomes.

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