Browsing by Author "Fowotade A"

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    Prevalence of intestinal parasites in newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in Ilorin, Nigeria
    (2017) Obateru OA; Bojuwoye BJ; Olokoba AB; Fadeyi A; Fowotade A; Olokoba LB
    Background Human immune-deficiency virus/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome predisposes to opportunistic parasitic infestations of the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in newly diagnosed treatment naïve HIV/AIDS patients. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2010 to June 2011. Questionnaires were administered to 238 HIV/AIDS subjects, and 238 age and sex-matched controls. CD4+ T cell count was carried out on HIV-positive subjects. Stool samples were examined using direct microscopic and modified Ziehl-Neelsen methods. Positivity of intestinal parasites was taken as the presence of worms, oocyst, cyst, ova or larvae in the stool samples. Results Ninety males and 148 females were studied for the HIV-positive and HIV-negative controls respectively. Intestinal parasitic infestation in HIV-positive subjects was 68.5%, and was significantly higher than in the HIV-negative controls 49.2% (P<0.05). In HIV-positive subjects, Cryptosporidium spp. was the commonest (55.0%) parasite isolated. Others were Cyclospora cayetanensis (41.2%), Isospora belli (3.0%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.4%), Giardia lamblia (3.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.7%), Trichuris trichiura (0.8%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.4%). HIV-positive patients with CD4+ T cell count of less than 200 cells/ul were more at risk of opportunistic parasites compared to the HIV-negative controls. Conclusion The prevalence of intestinal parasites in newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS individuals was high, and its association with CD4+ T cell count was demonstrated. Routine screening for parasitic infestations at diagnosis is indicated to reduce the burden of the disease.
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    Seroprevalence of some Arboviruses among Pregnant Women in Ibadan, Southwestern, Nigeria
    (2022) Oluwole T; Fowotade A; Mirchandani D; Almeida S; Plante KS; Weaver S; Bakare R
    Purpose To determine the seroprevalence of some arboviruses among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods & Materials Sera of 36 ELISA anti-Zika virus immunoglobulin M (IgM)- and/or immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in 3 hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria were screened for the presence of antibodies to Zika, yellow fever, dengue-1 and -2, Spondweni, West Nile, and chikungunya viruses using haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Results Overall, 22 (61.1%) of the 36 sera tested had antibodies to other tested arboviruses. All the sera which tested positive, had antibodies to at least two or more viruses, 4 (11.1%) tested positive to 6 of the viruses, 4 (11.1%) tested positive to 5 of the viruses, 1 (2.8%) to 4 of the viruses, 8 (22.2%) to 3 of the viruses, 5(13.9%) to only 2 of the viruses. Antibody to dengue-1 was observed in all positive sera. Antibodies to Zika, dengue-2 and chikungunya were observed in 55.6%, 38.9%, and 25%, respectively while antibodies to Spondweni, West Nile and yellow fever were detected in 22.2%, 13.9% and 11.1% respectively. Titre values observed ranged from 1:20 to 1:320. About 47% of participants had antibodies to Zika and 2 other arboviruses and 25% to Zika virus and 3 or more arboviruses. The presence of antibodies to these viruses suggests a persistence of infections in Ibadan. A low (11.1%) prevalence of antibodies to yellow fever virus was observed. Sera of 14 (38.9%) participants positive for anti-ZIKV IgM and/or IgG by NS-1 based ELISA were negative for Zika virus antibodies by HI. Conclusion This study showed a high seroprevalence to arboviruses despite the low rate of reporting these infections in Nigeria. It also demonstrated a very low herd immunity to yellow fever despite Nigeria being in the category of countries recommended for vaccination in the Yellow Fever belt. Therefore, a large proportion of the community is at risk of yellow fever. These results further emphasize the importance of seroprevalence studies as an important tool in the assessment of disease burden, and epidemiology of arboviral diseases as well as herd immunity.