Browsing by Author "Chah KF"

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    Detection and molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria from pigs and chickens in Nsukka, Nigeria
    (2018) Chah KF; Ugwu IC; Okpala A; Adamu KY; Alonso CA; Ceballos S; Nwanta JN; Torres C
    Objectives This study screened chickens and pigs slaughtered for human consumption for the presence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria. Methods Faecal samples from 410 broiler chickens and 100 pigs were cultured on MacConkey agar supplemented with 2μg/mL cefotaxime. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of the recovered isolates were determined by disk diffusion. PCR and sequencing were performed to identify the ESBL and pAmpC gene variants and other associated resistance determinants. Genetic diversity of the isolates was analysed by phylotyping and multilocus sequence typing. Results ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter asburiae and Providencia spp. were isolated from 17 (4.1%) and 2 (2.0%) of the samples from chickens and pigs, respectively. One pAmpC-producing E. coli isolate was obtained from a chicken. Resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and gentamicin was exhibited by 95%, 80%, 60% and 55% of the ESBL/pAmpC-producing strains, respectively. tet(A) and aac(3)-II were the predominant genes detected in tetracycline- and aminoglycoside-resistant strains, respectively. blaCTX-M, encoding CTX-M-15 (15 isolates) or CTX-M-1 variants (3 isolates), was present in all but one ESBL-producer, either alone or in combination with blaSHV and/or blaTEM. The remaining ESBL-producer, a Providencia spp. recovered from a chicken, harboured blaVEB. The only pAmpC-positive E. coli strain carried blaCMY-2. The 11 ESBL-producing E. coli strains belonged to five lineages (ST226-A, ST3625-B1, ST10-A, ST46-A and ST58-B1). Conclusions Healthy chickens and pigs act as reservoirs of ESBL/pAmpC-producing enterobacteria that can potentially be transmitted to humans through direct contact or ingestion of contaminated meat.
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    Isolation and characterisation of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales from chickens in Southeast Nigeria
    (2021) Anyanwu MU; Marrollo R; Paolucci M; Brovarone F; Nardini P; Chah KF; Shoyinka SV; Carretto E
    ABSTRACT Objectives Resistance to colistin (CST) mediated by mobile genetic elements has had a broad impact worldwide. There is an intensified call for epidemiological surveillance of mcr in different reservoirs to preserve CST for future generations. In Nigeria, the poultry industry is a key livestock sector. This study was undertaken to screen putative colistin-resistant Enterobacterales (CST-r-E) from poultry birds in Southeast Nigeria and to determine the genetic relatedness of mcr-harbouring isolates. Methods Faecal and cloacal swab samples (n = 785) were collected from chickens in 17 farms located in three contiguous states in Southeast Nigeria between March–November 2018. Following selective culture, CST-r-E were isolated. Confirmation of CST resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular detection of genes mcr-1 to mcr-10, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were performed on the isolates. A questionnaire was distributed to investigate the knowledge about CST and its use of chicken farm caretakers. Results Of the 785 samples evaluated, 45 (5.7%) were positive for 48 CST-r-E, among which 23 harboured the mcr-1 gene (22 Escherichia coli and 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae). In two E.coli isolates, a new allelic variant (mcr-1.22) was detected. RAPD analysis allowed the identification of 11 different fingerprints. MLST also revealed 11 STs, with 3 of them being novel. Conclusion mcr has significantly spread in poultry birds of Southeast Nigeria, which poses a worrisome risk to veterinary and human health. Strategies to prevent indiscriminate use of CST in farms should be quickly adopted before CST resistance becomes a huge global health issue.
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    Knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use among small-scale poultry farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria
    (2022) Chah JM; Nwankwo SC; Uddin IO; Chah KF
    This study examined the knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use among small-scale poultry farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 88 poultry farmers. The interview schedule was used for data collection. Respondents' indices of knowledge of antibiotic use (KABU), antibiotic resistance (KABR) and antibiotic use practices (PABU) were determined. Binary logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effect of socio-demographics of respondents, knowledge of antibiotic use and knowledge of antibiotic resistance on the likelihood that farmers use antibiotics inappropriately. All poultry farmers studied used antibiotics for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment. The mean index of KABU was 0.54 with 48 % of the respondents having good KABU while the mean index of KABR was 0.65 and 70.5 % of the farmers had good KABR. The farmers’ mean index of PABU was 0.47 and 83 % of them used antibiotics inappropriately. Farmers with good KABU (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.030–17.222) and KABR (OR = 4.5; 95% CI = 1.258–15.791) were more likely to misuse antibiotics than those with poor knowledge. Antibiotics are routinely, and on many occasions inappropriately, used in small-scale poultry production in Enugu State, Nigeria. Antibiotics are valuable agents whose efficacy can only be preserved if they are handled with care. Training small-scale farmers will allow them to improve their knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use.