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A study on effect of fermentation conditions on citric acid production from cassava peels
(2020) Ajala AS; Adeoye AO; Olaniyan SA; Fasonyin OT
In this study, effect of fermentation conditions (solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation) on the yield of citric acid from cassava peels was evaluated. Cassava peels were hydrolysed to get reducing sugar using Hydrochloric acid and then inoculated with Aspergillus niger for citric acid production. The parameters of experiments were inoculum concentration (7–11%), fermentation time (1–4 days), temperature (23–39 °C) and ethanol concentration (0–4%). The lowest and highest values of citric acid recorded in solid state fermentation were 2.6 and 4.9 g/l respectfully, while the lowest and highest values for citric acid in submerged fermentation were 0.68 and 1.68 g/l respectfully. Also the results of lowest and highest values of sugar acid ratio observed in solid state fermentation were 6 and 16.04 while the lowest and highest values for sugar acid ratio in submerged fermentation were 1.5 and 7.2 respectively. Only the inoculum concentrations and time played dominant roles in the production of citric acid while all the parameters played active role in the production of sugar-acid-ratio from cassava peels.
Bio-physical effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on blood parameters, spermatozoa, liver, kidney and heart of albino rats
(2019) Adebayo EA; Adeeyo AO; Ogundiran MA; Olabisi O
Current study aimed at determining the consequence of Radiofrequency (≈1800 MHz) electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on the histological, hematological and histochemical properties of selected tissues of rat and to assess morphological changes associated with such exposures. Three groups of thirty rats of which two groups of twenty rats were subjected to average radiation of ≈1.40 W/cm2 at 24 m from the base of two different telecommunications network mast for 5 weeks. Histochemical, hematological and histological analyses of the rats were afterward carried out on selected tissues of the experimental animals using standard procedures. Impacts of radiation were noted in the exposed groups of rats. There was rise in white blood cells with variations in other blood parameters; the sperm motility and sperm count of the exposed rats is lower than the control; the liver of the exposed rats shows pronounced dilated sinusoids, distorted architecture, hyperchromatic nuclei, congested central vein, with change of hepatocytes structure; the heart shows gross distortion of cardiac muscular architecture with distorted irregular cardiac muscle fibres and wider interfibres spaces; kidney showing hyperchromatic nuclei, gradual loss and degeneration of flattened squamous epithelial cells lining and testis shows grossly distorted seminiferous tubules and epididymis with loss of cellular structure and an area of inflammatory changes with complete absence of spermatozoa, which may lead to low fertility. This study shows that radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation may induce morphological changes in various tissues of living systems in rat.
Biochemical and histological investigation on the protective effect of poly-herbal extract in high salt diet-fed male Wistar rats
(2021) Olorunnisola OS; Adegbola PI; Ajilore BS; Abijo AZ; Ajayi FA; Fadahunsi OS
Background Through different mechanisms, excessive intake of dietary salt has been documented as a risk factor for the development of elevated blood pressure and organ dysfunction. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of combined extracts of four medicinal plants against high salt diet-induced succinate dehydrogenase depletion and alteration in vital organ (kidney, liver, and cardiac) hemostasis. Methods Thirty-five male Wistar rats with an average weight of 130 g were divided into 5 groups of 7 animals each. Group 1 and 2 rats were fed with normal rat chow (NRC) and 16% high salt diet (HSD) only respectively. Rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 were fed with 16% HSD and 800, 400, and 200 mg/kg poly-herbal extract (PHE), respectively, once daily for 4 weeks. The concentration and activities of creatinine, urea, sodium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, albumin, globulin, total protein, and alkaline phosphate (ALP) were estimated in the serum. Aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were estimated in the serum, liver, and aorta. The result revealed that the combined extract significantly (p < 0.05) lowered HSD-induced elevated serum concentration of kidney function markers and electrolytes. More so, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in serum and tissue activities of liver and cardiac function markers was demonstrated by the poly-herbal extract. No significant changes were observed in serum albumin and globulin level, however total protein and tissue activities of SDH were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated by the PHE. The histopathological examination showed to a large extent, the extract conferred significant protection on the cytoarchitecture of the kidney, liver, and aorta. Conclusion Conclusively, combined plants extract protected against high salt diet-induced biochemical and histological derangement in male Wistar rats.
Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a pod extract of Cola nitida: Antibacterial and antioxidant activities and application as a paint additive
(2016) Lateef A; Azeez MA; Asafa TB; Yekeen TA; Akinboro A; Oladipo IC; Azeez L; Ajibade SE; Ojo SA; Gueguim-Kana EB; Beukes LS
This work reports the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the pod extract of Cola nitida, the evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and their application as an antimicrobial additive in paint. The AgNPs were characterized with UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AgNP solution was dark brown with a maximum absorbance occurring at 431.5nm. The FTIR spectrum showed strong peaks at 3336.85, 2073.48, and 1639.49cm−1, indicating that proteins acted as the capping and stabilization agents in the synthesis of the AgNPs. The AgNPs were spherical, with sizes ranging from 12 to 80nm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed that silver was the prominent metal present, while the selected area electron diffraction pattern conformed to the face-centred cubic phase and crystalline nature of AgNPs. At various concentrations between 50 and 150μg/ml, the AgNPs showed strong inhibition of the growth of multidrug resistant strains of Klebsiella granulomatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In addition, at 5μg/ml, the AgNPs completely inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus in a paint-AgNP admixture. The AgNPs exhibited a potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 43.98μg/ml against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and a ferric ion reduction of 13.62–49.96% at concentrations of 20–100μg/ml. This study has demonstrated the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs that have potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and potential biomedical and industrial applications. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to use the pod extract of C. nitida for the green synthesis of nanoparticles.
Body dysmorphic disorder in patients attending a dermatology clinic in Nigeria: sociodemographic and clinical correlates*
(2019) Akinboro AO; Adelufosi AO; Onayemi O; Asaolu SO
Abstract Background: Body dysmorphic disorder is a relatively common psychiatric disorder in the context of dermatology and cosmetic and plastic surgery but is underdiagnosed and underreported in Africa. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and symptoms of anxiety/depression and determine their sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Methods: A systematic random sampling design was made to recruit 114 patients with skin diseases. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained. The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Modification of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was administered, and data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: Mean age of participants was 37.70±17.47 years, and 67/114 (58.8%) were females. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder was 41/114 (36.0%), and prevalence of anxiety/depression symptoms was 35/114 (30.7%). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety/depression symptoms was 15/41 (36.6%), and patients with facial disorders expressed the highest burden of anxiety/depression symptoms, in 15/35 (42.9%). Factors associated with significantly higher mean body dysmorphic disorder include age<50years (p=0.039), and anxiety/depression (p<0.001), education below high school was associated with higher mean anxiety/depression score (P= 0.031). In a binary logistic regression model, presence of anxiety/depression symptoms was predictive of body dysmorphic disorder (OR=10.0, CI: 4.1-28.2, p<0.001). Study limitations: the study is uncontrolled, conducted in a single source of care, thus limiting generalization to nonrelated settings. Conclusion: Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder is high among dermatology patients and most prevalent in facial disorders. Facial diseases are associated with the highest burden of anxiety/depression symptoms. This is a clarion call for dermatologists to routinely assess for body dysmorphic disorder and appropriately refer affected patients to mental health care.
Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil
(2018) Babarinde SA; Sunnie-Ododo MO; Akanbi WB; Oyegoke OO; Tijani R; Olaobaju SF
The pesticidal effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) against two developmental stages (adult and larva) of Dermestes maculatus De Geer, a key pest of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was evaluated under laboratory condition (32±2°C temperature and 70±3% relative humidity). At 6h after exposure (HAE), 25.80and36.23% mortality in 0.99and1.33μl/ml air respectively was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 9.2% mortality observed in 0.33μl/ml air. Percentage mortality observed in 0.99–1.33μl/ml air at 12and18HAE was significantly (p<0.05) higher than mortality observed in other lower doses of GEO. The results of the larval bioassay follow the same trend as observed in adult bioassay except that higher percentage mortality was observed in larva than in adult. At 6–18HAE, 28.25–90.00% larval mortality at application doses of 0.33–1.33μl/ml air was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 4.60% mortality observed in the control. The LD50 of GEO against larva at 6HAE 2.74 (2.17–3.81) μl/ml air was different from 1.69 (1.32–2.03)μl/ml air and 1.36 (1.05–1.63) μl/ml air LD50 for 12and18 HAE respectively. For adult bioassay, 2.80 (2.50–3.19)μl/ml air was significantly higher than 1.85 (1.49–2.21)μl/ml air being LD50 for 12and18HAE. The study reveals that D. maculatus larva was more susceptible to GEO than adult.
Computational prediction of nimbanal as potential antagonist of respiratory syndrome coronavirus
(2021) Adegbola AE; Fadahunsi OS; Alausa A; Abijo AZ; Balogun TA; Aderibigbe TS; Semire B; Adegbola PI
The high pathogenic nature of the Middle East Respiratory coronavirus (MER) and the associated high fatality rate demands an urgent attention from researchers. Because there is currently no approved drug for the management of the disease, research efforts have been intensified towards the discovery of a potent drug for the treatment of the disease. Papain Like protease (PLpro) is one of the key proteins involved in the viral replication. We therefore docked forty-six compounds already characterized from Azadirachta indica, Xylopia aethipica and Allium cepa against MERS-CoV-PLpro. The molecular docking analysis was performed with AutoDock 1.5.6 and compounds which exhibit more negative free energy of binding, and low inhibition constant (Ki) with the protein (MERS-CoV-PLpro) were considered potent. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted using the Swissadme web server. Twenty-two of the compounds showed inhibition potential similar to dexamethasone and remdesvir, which had binding affinity of −6.8 and −6.3 kcal/mol respectively. The binding affinity of the compounds ranged between −3.4 kcal/mol and −7.7 kcal/mol whereas; hydroxychloroquine had a binding affinity of −4.5 kcal/mol. Among all the compounds, nimbanal and verbenone showed drug likeliness, they did not violate the Lipinski rule neither were they inhibitors of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Both nimbanal and verbenone were further post-scored with MM/GBSA and the binding free energy of nimbanal (−25.51 kcal/mol) was comparable to that of dexamethasone (−25.46 kcal/mol). The RMSD, RMSF, torsional angle, and other analysis following simulation further substantiate the efficacy of nimbanal as an effective drug candidate. In conclusion, our study showed that nimbanal is a more promising therapeutic agent and could be a lead for the discovery of a new drug that may be useful in the management of severe respiratory coronavirus syndrome.
Consensus scoring-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation of some TNF-alpha inhibitors
(2022) Boyenle ID; Adelusi TI; Ogunlana AT; Oluwabusola RA; Ibrahim NO; Tolulope A; Okikiola OS; Adetunji BL; Abioye IO; Kehinde Oyedele AQ
Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) represents a therapeutic approach towards the management or treatment of various inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, but the current treatment regimen against this target in these diseases is the use of antibodies which may trigger an autoimmune response. This suggests a search for small-molecule inhibitors that could selectively inhibit the protein target. In the present study, fifty-five bioactive compounds of plant origin with already reported anti-inflammatory activities were screened for their affinity for TNF-alpha using a molecular docking strategy. We combined results from three different software packages (iGEMDOCK, MOE, & SAMSON) to come up with the best binders of the target. In addition, the resulting binders were subjected to in silico ADMET (Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation to determine their drug-like properties and atomistic binding mechanisms respectively. Of the fifty-five evaluated bioactive compounds, Rutin, Schisantherin A, and Hesperidin performed well in the three software packages, with considerable ranking therewith. Interestingly, these compounds did not only interact with hotspot residues on TNF-alpha but also apparently balanced well on the knife-edge of pharmacokinetics and toxicity. More importantly, from the RMSD, RMSF, ROG, SASA, and hydrogen bond analysis, it was seen that Rutin, Schisantherin A, & Hesperidin exhibited stability in the active pocket of the protein. These results portend the three compounds as potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha that should be considered for further evaluation and drug development.
Data on the survival times of breast cancer patients in a Teaching Hospital, Osogbo
(2020) Awodutire PO; Kolawole OA; Ilori OR
In a bid to assess the contribution of prognostic factors to survival times of breast cancer patients from day of presentation in Nigeria, a data was collected from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital Osogbo. This is a retrospective data culled from the case note files of the breast cancer patients. The survival time of the patients was recorded as the difference between the day of presentation and the day of last contact. The data is censored at 1 year. The prognostic factors considered are years of breastfeeding(In years), Age at menarche, stage at presentation, neoadjuvant treatment offered and use of contraceptives. Four survival models were applied to the data to assess the contribution of the prognostic factors to survival times
Data set on work routine management among academic staff in selected Nigerian University: The eustress perspective
(2021) Peter A; Adeniji A; Oladele K; Peter F; Inegbedion H; Sajuyigbe A
Academics undergo stress, which negatively affects their performance and management does not seem to provide adequate organizational support for people suffering from occupational stress. This data captures eustress among university academic staff and coping strategies to improve performance. Previous studies on stress among academics focused on their experience of distress, with little attempt to explore eustress. particularly in the Nigerian context. A mixed method approach was adopted to elicit information from the sampled 444 respondents and twelve in-depth interviews were also conducted. Descriptive and inferential research methods were used for the analysis. The quantitative data were analyzed using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), while the qualitative data were subjected to manual thematic analysis.
Dataset on in-silico investigation on triazole derivatives via molecular modelling approach: A potential glioblastoma inhibitors
(2021) Oyebamiji AK; Mutiu OA; Amao FA; Oyawoye OM; Oyedepo TA; Adeleke BB; Semire B
In this work, ten molecular compounds were optimised using density functional theory (DFT) method via Spartan 14. The obtained descriptors were used to develop quantitative structural activities relationship (QSAR) model using Gretl and Matlab software and the similarity between predicted IC50 and observed IC50 was investigated. Also, docking study revealed the non-bonding interactions between the studied compounds and the receptor. The molecular interactions between the observed ligands and brain cancer protein (PDB ID: 1q7f) were investigated. Adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties were also investigated.
Dataset on Insilico approaches for 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one urea derivatives as efficient Staphylococcus aureus inhibitor
(2020) Oyebamiji AK; Abdulsalami IO; Semire B
Series of anti- Staphylococcus aureus were studied via quantum chemical method and several molecular descriptors were obtained which were further used to develop QSAR model using back propagation neural network method using MATLAB. More so, the molecular interaction observed between 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one Urea Derivatives and Staphylococcus aureus Sortase (PDB ID Code: 2kid) via docking was used as a screening tool for the studied compounds. The observed molecular compounds used in this work was also correlated to Lipinski rule of five and the developed QSAR model using selected descriptors from the optimized compounds was also examined for its predictability. Also, the observed molecular docking revealed the interaction between the studied complex.
Dataset on the DFT-QSAR, and docking approaches for anticancer activities of 1, 2, 3-triazole-pyrimidine derivatives against human esophageal carcinoma (EC-109)
(2020) Adegoke RO; Oyebamiji AK; Semire B
The investigation of the novel hybrid, 1, 2, 3-triazole moiety combined with pyrimidine derivatives against human esophageal carcinoma is an unexplored field of theoretical/computational chemistry. Also, the development of new drugs still remains a major challenge, cost-intensive and time-consuming, thus making the computational approach now a hot topic due to its ability to hasten up and aid the process of drug designs. Here, the use of the quantum chemical method via density functional theory (DFT) was employed in calculating molecular descriptors for developing the quantitative structure-activity relation (QSAR) model which predicts bioactivity of the selected 1, 2, 3-triazole-pyrimidine derivatives. Quantum chemical method implemented in Spartan 14, was used in calculating the molecular descriptors. The obtained results were imputed into Gretl and SPSS (software package for social sciences) to generate a novel QSAR model equation for human esophageal carcinoma (EC-109) through multiple linear regression. The relationship between the experimental and predicted inhibition efficiency (IC50) of 1,2,3-triazole-pyrimidine with EC-109 was calculated which gives good correlation results. QSAR was validated using CV.R2andRa2. Fitting value (R2) of 0.999 with an adjusted fitting value (Ra2)of 0.995 was obtained and the result of validating QSAR performance gave CV.R2 and Ra2value that is greater than 0.6, signifying its appropriateness and dependability. Molecular docking through simulation using Discovery Studio 4.1, Autodock Tool 1.5.6 and AutodockVina 1.1.2 was also carried out to calculate the free energy of ligand-receptor interactions as well as ligand conformation in the receptor-binding site. The results obtained revealed the presence of hydrogen bond interaction of the ligands with the amino acids residue in the binding sites of the receptor. Conformation of the ligands was essential property for binding ligand with the receptor. Critical examination and the correlations between the IC50 and binding energy showed the activeness of ligand conformation in the gouge of the receptor with binding energy greater than the 5-fluorouracil (5- Fu) that was used as the standard compound.
Dataset on theoretical bio-evaluation of 1,2,4-thiadiazole-1,2,4-triazole analogues against epidermal growth factor receptor kinase down regulating human lung cancer
(2021) Oyebamiji AK; Akintelu SA; Amao OP; Kaka MO; Morakinyo AE; Amao FA; Semire B
Data from eight 1,2,4-thiadiazole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives were used to observe the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor kinase activities of 1,2,4-thiadiazole-1,2,4-triazole analogues thereby reducing human lung cancer. The software used to achieve this work were Spartan 14, Pymol, mgltools_win32_1.5.6, Auto dock vina and biovia2019.ds2019client. Also, the developed QSAR model was developed using the screened descriptors so as to inspect the closeness between the experimental IC50 and the predicted IC50. More so, the binding affinity from 1,2,4-thiadiazole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives - epidermal growth factor receptor kinase complexes using molecular docking approach were reported. Also, the ADMET properties for selected compounds and proposed compounds with better binding affinity were reported.
Dataset to support the adoption of social media and emerging technologies for students’ continuous engagement
(2020) Akande ON; Badmus TA; Akindele AT; Arulogun OT
The recent advancements in ICT have made it possible for teaching and learning to be conducted outside the four walls of a University. Furthermore, the recent COVID-19 pandemic that has crippled educational activities in all nations of the world has further revealed the urgent need for academic institutions to embrace and integrate alternative modes of teaching and learning via social media platforms and emerging technologies into existing teaching tools. This article contains data collected from 850 face to face University students during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. An online google form was used to elicit information from the students about their awareness and intention to use these alternative modes of teaching and learning. The questions were structured using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. This data article includes the questionnaire used to retrieve the data, the responses obtained in spreadsheet format, the charts generated from the responses received, the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) file, the descriptive statistics, and reliability analysis computed for all the UTAUT variables. The dataset will enhance understanding of how face to face students use social media platforms and how these platforms could be used to engage the students outside their classroom activities. Also, the dataset exposes how familiar face to face University students are to these emerging teaching and learning technologies. The challenges that could inhibit the adoption of these technologies were also revealed.
Dietary composition modulates impact of food-added monosodium glutamate on behaviour, metabolic status and cerebral cortical morphology in mice
(2019) Onaolapo AY; Odetunde I; Akintola AS; Ogundeji MO; Ajao A; Obelawo AY; Onaolapo OJ
Effects of food-added monosodium glutamate (MSG) on neurobehaviour, serum biochemical parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and changes in cerebral cortex, liver and kidney morphology were assessed in mice fed standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD). Animals were assigned to 8 groups [SD control, HFD control, and six groups fed MSG plus SD or HFD at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of feed]. Animals were fed for 8 weeks, behavioural tests were conducted, and blood was taken for estimation of biochemical parameters and MDA level. Whole brain was homogenised for neurochemical assays, while the cerebrum, liver and kidneys were processed for histology. In groups fed MSG/SD, there was a decrease in weight gain, increase in food-intake, an increase in locomotion, a decrease in rearing/grooming, and a decrease in anxiety-response. Also observed were derangements in biochemical parameters, increased MDA, and alteration of renal morphology. Compared to HFD, MSG/HFD groups had reduction in weight gain, food-intake, grooming and anxiety-response, an increase in locomotion, and improved memory. Protection against biochemical derangements and HFD-induced organ injuries were also observed. In conclusion, the findings suggest that possible interactions that may occur between dietary constituents and MSG are determinants of the effects of food-added MSG in mice.
Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome in a Nigerian
(2017) Adebayo PB; Bakare A; Bello MM; Olaewe OD; Wahab KW
Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome (DDMS) is a rare, but important cause of drug-resistant seizures. Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome is a constellation of clinical features that consists of hemiparesis, seizure, facial asymmetry, and intellectual disability with distinct neuroimaging features. A 27-year-old lady presented to us with drug-resistant epilepsy, hemiparesis, and intellectual disability that necessitated her withdrawal from school. Her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebral hemiatrophy, calvarial thickening, and hyperpneumatization of the frontal sinuses consistent with DDMS. We discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of DDMS and advocate early referral and evaluation of people with epilepsy in sub-Saharan African settings.
Dynamics of pentavalent inorganic arsenic effects on some glycolytic and mitochondrial energy metabolizing enzymes in male Wistar rats
(2022) Fatoki JO; Alabi IA; Atere TG; Ibrahim NO; Onifade EA; Ojokuku OF; Abdulateef MA; Abisoye OA; Raji PK; Adeniyi A; Ademuyiwa DF; Fatoki CO; Oyewo EB; Badmus JA
Exposure to environmental toxicants such as arsenic presents serious health challenges to humans. The effects of arsenic have been extensively evaluated, but there is a dearth of scientific findings on its effects on some key enzymes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. This study, therefore, is aimed at investigating the time-course effects of arsenic exposure on these key enzymes in male Wistar rats. Rats (n = 45) were exposed to arsenic (100, 150, and 200 ppm) for 4, 8, and 12 weeks respectively in their drinking water. Control rats (n = 5) received drinking water for 12 weeks, after which blood and liver were removed from the animals and analyzed for some energy metabolizing enzymes spectrophotometrically. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Our findings showed that arsenic exposure reduced the activities of plasma hexokinase at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Meanwhile, erythrocyte and liver homogenate hexokinase were significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced only at week 4. Plasma and liver aldolase activities were significantly (p < 0.05) induced at week 4, while aldolase activities of other compartments were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at weeks 4, 8, and 12. In addition, arsenic significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in various tissue compartments, effects of arsenic exposure were characterized by a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activities of malate dehydrogenase, complexes of the electron transport chain when compared with the control animals in all the tissues. These findings indicated that arsenic exposure induced various compartment-specific modulation of key enzymes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. This might be one of the mechanisms through which arsenic mediates its toxicity and its associated disease endpoints.
Effect of Organic Loading Rate on Biogas Yields of Pig Slurry in a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor at Mesophilic Temperature
(2019) Adebayo AO; Jekayinfa SO; Ahmed NA; Ogunkunle O
Renewable energy appears to be a way out of the associated challenges of the conventional sources of energy. One of these renewable sources is biogas. Biogas is the gas produced when anaerobic bacteria act on organic matters in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion has been considered as waste-to-energy technology. In this work, attempt was made to determine the effect of organic Loading Rate (OLR) on biogas production potential of pig slurry using a Continuously-Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) operated at mesophilic temperature (37oC). A 12-litre capacity CSTR was loaded with 8 litres pre-cultivated sludge as inoculum, leaving a free space for gas production. The loading of the calculated amount of pig manure into the reactor was commenced at a LR of 1.5goTS/l.d and was increased weekly by 0.5 goTS/l.d until an OLR of 5.0 goTS/l.d was reached. The biogas yields at OLR of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 goTS/l.d were 0.255, 0.190, 0.170, 0.180, 0.170, 0.140, 0.120 and 0.140 m3/kgODM, respectively, with corresponding methane yields of 0.153, 0.12, 0.11, 0.11,0.11, 0.09, 0.08, and 0.09 lCH4/goDM. Biogas yield of 0.255m3/kgoDM was recorded as the highest at an OLR of 1.5 goTS/l.d. Summarily, pig manure was found to be best digested at OLR of 1.5 goTS/l.d in a CSTR at mesophilic temperature.
Evaluation of Schema Languages: RNG and WXS on Interface Complexity Metric
(2021) Sotonwa K; Achas M; Adewumi O; Olabiyisi S
A complex interface can disorient the user in a mild situation while designing web-based application. Thus, measure should be taken to reduce the complexity and provide reasonable qualities (simplicity, generality and usability) to the user. This paper evaluates Interface Complexity Metric (ICM) between two xml schema languages: World Wide Web Consortium XML Schema (WXS) and Regular Language for Next Generation (RNG) to weigh human insight on the factors affecting effort for comprehending schema documents; taking into account elements and attributes of xml documents; acquired from Web Services Description Language (WSDL). It is probable to lure decisions about the professed qualities; that out of one hundred and twenty (120) schema documents implemented in rng and wxs; rng has the lowest complexity values for almost all the schema documents when compared with wxs because rng exhibits better presentation with high degree of simplicity, generality and usability qualities than wxs. Therefore, this is benefited to developers in assisting them in writing less lengthy code and simplifying software modularization.

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